Adelfo Cerame - Road to The Wheelchair Nationals '12: The 5x5 of (Re-)Programming Your Workout Routine to Make Continuous Progress.

Image 1: The "roadmap" on Adelfo's back (left) may not yet be as detailed as the one of Phil Heath (right). The one in his head, however is probably as, if not more elaborate than the one of the reigning Mr. Olympia.

As a (hopefully) regular reader of the SuppVersity, I assume that going to the gym for you has become more than a annoying duty - more than something you are doing just because you fear that otherwise you would start looking like the 68.3% majority of Americans you are either overweight or obese (data according to CDC)... as I pointed out in the "Programing Success" part of the Intermittent Thoughts a, if not the major determinant of your dietary (and training) success is that "healthy eating" (and I am not talking about the "whole grains approach" here ;-) and smart, not excessive, training becomes a part of your lifestyle, an appreciated cornerstone of your daily routine. For Adelfo, "our man" at the 2012 Wheelchair Nationals in Florida, physical culture has become even more: It is his passion and his #1 priority and though this is what has brought him to where he is now,  he is well aware that getting too passionate, or let's say, letting your emotions gain the upper hand, can become counterproductive...

Sometimes, keeping on track means holding back

I just checked my calendar… And I have exactly 17 more days left until I reach the12-week mark when I will be halfway through my contest prep. And though I am currently working towards my short term goal of copying, better outperforming Duong's amazing transformation by Christmas, I must keep in mind that the latter is nothing but a "test run" to practice for the real event - the 2012 Wheelchair Nationals. So as much as I want to look incredibly shredded on Chistmas day, I mustn't rush myself by drastically slashing calories (stick to 1600kcal) or overdoing HIIT cardio. So I keep telling myself that I have to stay disciplined, stick to my assigned cheat days and stay on course, knowing that this way I should, no, I will hit my mark.

Image 2: Picture on the left hand side 149.5 lbs. Picture on the right hand side 141 lbs. Lets hope I can maintain the lean muscle mass in the latter part of my prep ;-)

To assure that I won't miss that, I have been weighing myself again: 141 pounds. Maybe you do remember - my previous weight was 149.5 pounds in September. That means that I have lost 9 pounds since I have started my prep back on October, 1st. It took me 2 months to drop 9 pounds, which means that I lost about a pound a week. Compared to what some biggest losers may drop within a week this appears to be quite slow, but as Dr. Andro pointed out in his Intermittent Thoughts on Healthy Weight Loss, the rate by which you will lose weight necessarily slows down, once your body has reached "healthy" body fat levels and it becomes really slow, when you are approaching the unnaturally low body fat percentages you will need to compete on stage. That being said, it should raise the red flag, when you are already decently lean an still lose more than 1-2lbs per week - chances are, that anything beyond that is pure muscle mass and that is something I certainly want to avoid.

Back to a regular exercise split

As those of you who have been following all my blogposts, here at the SuppVersity (thanks for that, by the way!) will be aware of, I really enjoyed training according to the escalating density principle. I got stronger, lost body fat and felt incredible tight... but as I have been hinting at in one of the previous installments, training at such a pace and trying to outperform your personal best every time you hit the gym burns you out pretty fast (specially if you are dieting down for a show). Therefore, and simply to change things up (remember: change and thusly novel stimuli are the prerequisite for adaptation), I decided to "go back" to a more traditional bodybuilding split this month.

Recipe of the week: Spartan Steak.

In line with this week's "traditional" training approach, the recipe of the week is a very "traditional" meal, simple yet delicious and particularly appropriate for a rest day of all of you m@tha-“IF”-ers out there!

• 7oz RAW grass-fed NY Steak (seasoned w/sea salt & pepper)
• 4 oz mangoes
• 3 oz cantaloupe
• 5 baby carrots

Macronutrients: 42g protein/ 26g CHO/ 18g fat

Tip: Add 1 tbs. coconut oil to the meal for your fat (grass fed beef is naturally lean so you may want to add more fat such as coconut oil or raw butter to add to your fats)

Last month I have been toying around with alternate workouts - doing EDT every other week - but noticed that my body still felt worn down by the fast paced heavy lifts. Especially my wrists did not recover properly, which, for me, is even more of a problem than it would be for most of you, guys, because I depend a lot more on my upper body during my everyday-life: The joints in my shoulders, elbows and wrist take a constant beating, anyway. So that even now that I have cut back on the "beating the crap out of myself"-style of heavy lifting, I am wearing wrist wraps, for the heavy lifts, which are, of course, still an essential part of my current 5x5 split routine.

Figure 1: Adelfo's current 5x5 training split; this is a screenshot I (Dr. Andro) sneaked out from his "secret" training log... let's hope he does not sue me for "breach of secrecy", now ;-)

I will be sticking to this split for the month of December.  For the first 3 weeks of December, I will still keep the intensity high and tension (weight) heavy. On the second to the last week of December, I will do a de-load week, before I do another famine/detox phase during the last week of December. And while I will talk more about sense and purpose of this technique, about which I have learned in Rob Regish's Blueprint, those of you who missed my previous experience with this low protein low calorie + heavy lifting regimen can read up on that in my previous blogpost.

"Deload week? What's that? Ain't that for pussys?"

Image 3: If you think deloading is for pussys, only, chances are you got more brawns than brains.

For those of you that don’t know what a deload is, it’s basically taking a week (or maybe more) off from lifting heavy and intense. In other words, you are taking a short break of that kind of extreme training that is highly productive in the short, yet potentially detrimental in the long run. You can either take the whole week off completely (away from the gym), or just basically play around with the weights. It all depends on how deep the whole was that you have been digging for yourself and how fast your body recuperates... and believe me, the benefits are manifold! Most notably, deloading...

• ... gives central nervous system a rest
• ... gives body & mind a rest
• ... can prevent overtraining & injury
• ... sets you up for new / accelerated progress
• ... refreshes & keeps you motivated

My current plan is to deload for about a week to give my body, especially my joints a rest before I start another famine/detox phase and start the second half of my contest prep. And since I am in contest prep mode, I wont take the full week off and stay away from the gym completely. Instead, I will ease up on the training, lift very light so that I get a little pump going, rack the weights again and head home.  

The beneficial novelty of the tried and proven

In the mean time, I will enjoy the astonishing benefits, I am currently seeing from a 5x5 routine, many of you may (rigthly so) call "old fashioned" or even boring. But I mean, who cares if it works? My strength has increased significantly in my bench press, and I give most of the credit to the techniques and tricks I have adapted from Rob Regish’s Blueprint. If I keep progressing like that, I do foresee myself bench-pressing three 45 plates on each side for 5 reps before the end of my contest prep (I’ll try to shoot a video for you guys next week on my progress with my bench).

Image 4: By incorporating techniques from the Blueprint Adelfo is making constant progress.

As for my back exercises, my strength may have come to a halt. This is specifically the case with any type of high rows or high pulls, and I think this is mostly due to my weight dropping from 149.5 to 141 pounds. So I didn’t necessarily lose strength but I can’t increase the weight in my lifts as much as I want to, because of the weight distribution. I only weigh 141 pounds now, and I’m lifting weight twice my body weight (250+ lbs). Also keep in mind that I don’t have the function in my legs to plant and keep me grounded, so my body can only withstand so much weight until I am lifting myself off the seat.

That being said, my energy and the intensity in the gym are still very high. Part of this could be because you can focus more on the individual lifts during a 5x5 training split vs. the fast paced as escalating density training

And now that we are already talking about training at a fast pace, Dr. Andro asked my opinion on the discussion that has been revolving around his recent blogpost on time under tension and lifting slow vs. fast:  I’ve never been a fan of lifting lightweight slowly… "What am I!? Some sissy just wanting to tone up, because I’m scared to put on too much muscle!?" Lol, just kiddin'… But seriously? Isn’t this the training myth women fall usually fall for, because they are afraid of getting too buff or bulky? So they lift light weights slowly and for high reps, believing that this will "tone" their muscles? I mean, from what the studies and the research in the “TUT” article shows, this would be the exact opposite of what these women should avoid because it increases protein synthesis right?

Lift heavy and intense, but with good form and a focus on constant progression


For me the fundamental denominator of every successful training protocol is that you lift heavy and intense, use a good form and keep an eye on "progress", i.e. increasing the tension you apply to your muscles... that's all it takes to grow! ... well, I guess it goes without saying that eating smart is a necessary prerequisite without which even the best exercise protocol is pointless.

Image 5: Don't train like Phil Heath, unless you are Phil Heath.
(Flex Magazine cover from July '08)

Moreover, it is important to realize that "increasing tension" is a very complex process, which can be achieved by slow negatives (which I am a big fan of by the way), exaggerated stretches (overhead pulls), static holds, modifications in set and rep ranges, reduced rest, increased TUT, etc. etc. It should thus be obvious that there is no such thing as a one size-fits-it-all solution to constant progress. As Dr. Andro said, it comes down to the individual’s preference and what works for you as an individual at a given point in your "career". What may be an optimal set and rep range for one person may be counterproductive for another. And as my own example shows, while EDT may be the best way to train for weeks A-D, in week E your progress may stall and another regimen will be the "best way" for you to train. If that was not the case, everyone who wanted to look like Phil Heath would just follow his training regimen from Flex Magazine and SHAZAAM! He would look like Mr. O!

You have to find what work for you (no matter what it is) and build on it.

Personally, I enjoy lifting heavy the majority of the time whether it is in the 4-6 rep range, using a 5x5 routine or during EDT-esque workout routines - all of these are part of my training arsenal, an arsenal I am constantly expanding and revising and where higher rep ranges are just another tool I use whenever I feel that switching things up training with higher reps and more volume could benefit me... it's a matter of knowing what works for you, and for me that mostly is using low(er) reps and high(er) weights. What is it for you, guys? Use the comments on the bottom of the page and let me know!

Work Out 'Till You Drop: After 1h+ of Intense Exercise or an Energy Equivalent of >800kcal Leptin Begins to Plummet!

Image 1: Losing consciousness is very different from losing body fat and while the former may require "burning" more than 800kcal, the latter does not.

Sometimes you read an abstract like that by Mahmoud Hesar Koushki et al. and think "Hmm... that sucks!" Then, you come to think about it and realize "Yeah! That really sucks!" And the thing that sucks in this particular case is the message studies like that are sending out to the public, when they end on statements like "Rising the energy costs of the exercise through increasing the exercise duration, can be one of the factors affecting negative energy balance, leading to positive changes in leptin concentrations." (Hesar Koushki. 2012).

What's good for your obese neighbor...

... must not be good for you! I know, I am repeating myself here, but in view of the fact that my voice obviously has not been heard in Iran, as of yet, I will repeat my novel mantra as often as it takes for people to get it into their stup... ah, I mean stubborn heads and stop sending healthy people into misery.

Figure 1: This is what the study particpants in the Hesa Koushki study had to endure - a "exhaustion exercise session" on the treadmill (Hesar Koushki. 2012)

A good way to achieve that is known as "exhaustive running session" (cf. figure 1), but as you have heard before was still "insufficient" to induce significant decreases in leptin levels in the 23 male students (age 19.58 ± 2.12 yr, BMI 1.63 ± 2.7 kg/m²) who volunteered to participate in this study (cf. figure 2):

Figure 2: Serum leptin, insulin, blood glucose, cortisol and lactate levels of young healthy, but untrained men before and after exhaustive exercise session (Hesar Koushki. 2012)

But what does that tell us? If we were dealing with women, it would probably mean that this type of exercise was insufficient to induce amenorrhea (Chou . 2011), that, when performed once(!), it was not excessive enough to induce a profound enough starvation signal to trick the bodies of athletes or gymrats to believe that they were running the risk of becoming underweight (Köpp. 1997) and that it was not the first step towards muscle and bone loss (Kaufman. 2002). But does this mean that it's safe and effective?

When much is not yet too much, more must not be better either!

Figure 3: If you don't want to burn more energy, more glucose, more fat, and reduce your intramuscular and liver triglyceride stores to ramp up insulin sensitivity and ward off NAFLD, you better stick to 60min+ exercise and 800kcal+ energy expenditure per workout - without eating any carbs, at all, of course! After all, those could negate these "beneficial effects" *sarcasm mode off!*

If we apply standard paradigma of "working out to lose weight" to the finding that short-term intense exercise with an energy expenditure way below 800kcal did not reduce circulating leptin levels and switch off our brains, the (un!)reasonable conclusion would be that

"According to the findings of this study [...] exercise longer than 60 minutes with energy expenditure higher than 800 kcal can be recommended for the reduction of leptin concentration in non-athletes." (Hesar Koushki. 2012)

If we use our brains, though, the take home message would be very different an should rather read like:  "NEVER! Expend more than 800kcal in one workout if you are not leptin resistant and want to make sure that you don't forestall fat loss and mess up your endocrine system." (Dr. Andro ;-)

Fat loss training for non-obese individuals should focus on keeping leptin levels steady!

Once you acknowledge the importance of normal leptin levels for fat loss and overall metabolic health in lean, not leptin resistant individuals, the same review (Bouassida. 2010) the Iranian scientists cite to support their (misleading!) conclusion that it would be basically nonsensical to do intense short bouts of exercise, since those do not reduce circulating leptin levels has to be interpreted in a completely different way.

Just as the complete failure to produce insulin would not just hamper your gains, but have you literally shrivel away, lowering leptin levels in an already lean, if not very lean individual even further will sooner or later whack your metabolism and endocrine system (infertility, low testosterone, amenorrhea, you name it...). Not to mention that you will obviously not be able to derive any of the metabolic benefits of adequate leptin levels and receptor activity (figure 3).

So what can or must be done to keep healthy leptin levels and sensitivity?

Lean, athletic individuals should thus focus on shorter (below 1h), intense and glycolytic workouts (HIIT, lifting weights) and regenerative 'cardio' work in the << 800kcal energy expenditure range and make sure that they...

• get enough sleep - even a moderate sleep debt will increase the production and systemic circulation of TNF-alpha and IL-6 and reduce the expression of adiponectin and leptin in the adipose tissue (Padilha. 2011)
• strategically cycle & refeed on carbohydrates - it stands out of question that a reduction in carbohydrate intake is an effective means to get rid of body fat, but it will work optimally only, if you strategically cycle (higher carb intake on workout, lower carb intake on non-workout days) your carbohydrate intake, integrate regular refeeds (with a 20% caloric deficit every other week) and always eat as much green leafy veggies as it takes to fill you up without ever counting their quasi non-existent carbohydrate content

And while there is some evidence (Teta. 2007, Rodríguez-Carmona. 2012) that would suggest that sodium bicarbonate (baking soda, NaHCO3) to counter the reduction in leptin expression and the use of 12g of ALCAR /day to increase leptin sensitivity (particularly, in older people; cf. Iossa. 2002) could help, as well. Working and eating right for your current metabolic needs will always be the most important factors.

References:

1. Bouassida A, Chamari K, Zaouali M, Feki Y, Zbidi A, Tabka Z. Review on leptin and adiponectin responses and adaptations to acute and chronic exercise. Br J Sports Med. 2010 Jul;44(9):620-30.
2. Chou SH, Chamberland JP, Liu X, Matarese G, Gao C, Stefanakis R, Brinkoetter MT, Gong H, Arampatzi K, Mantzoros CS. Leptin is an effective treatment for hypothalamic amenorrhea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Apr 19;108(16):6585-90. Epub 2011 Apr 4. 
3. Coope A, Milanski M, Araújo EP, Tambascia M, Saad MJ, Geloneze B, Velloso LA. AdipoR1 mediates the anorexigenic and insulin/leptin-like actions of adiponectin in the hypothalamus. FEBS Lett. 2008 Apr 30;582(10):1471-6.
4. Digby JE, McNeill E, Dyar OJ, Lam V, Greaves DR, Choudhury RP. Anti-inflammatory effects of nicotinic acid in adipocytes demonstrated by suppression of fractalkine, RANTES, and MCP-1 and upregulation of adiponectin. Atherosclerosis. 2010 Mar;209(1):89-95. .
5. Hesar Koushki M, Hamedinia M, Mollanovruzi A. The response of plasma leptin and some selected hormones to one session of progressive running in non-athlete males. Iranian Journal Of Health And Physical Activity, 2012:3(1).
6. Iossa S, Mollica MP, Lionetti L, Crescenzo R, Botta M, Barletta A, Liverini G. Acetyl-L-carnitine supplementation differently influences nutrient partitioning, serum leptin concentration and skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in young and old rats. J Nutr. 2002 Apr;132(4):636-42. 
7. Kaufman BA, Warren MP, Dominguez JE, Wang J, Heymsfield SB, Pierson RN. Bone density and amenorrhea in ballet dancers are related to a decreased resting metabolic rate and lower leptin levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jun;87(6):2777-83. 
8. Köpp W, Blum WF, von Prittwitz S, Ziegler A, Lübbert H, Emons G, Herzog W, Herpertz S, Deter HC, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J. Low leptin levels predict amenorrhea in underweight and eating disordered females. Mol Psychiatry. 1997 Jul;2(4):335-40.
9. Padilha HG, Crispim CA, Zimberg IZ, De-Souza DA, Waterhouse J, Tufik S, de-Mello MT. A link between sleep loss, glucose metabolism and adipokines. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2011 Oct;44(10):992-9. Epub 2011 Sep 2.
10. Punyadeera C, Zorenc AH, Koopman R, McAinch AJ, Smit E, Manders R, Keizer HA, Cameron-Smith D, van Loon LJ. The effects of exercise and adipose tissue lipolysis on plasma adiponectin concentration and adiponectin receptor expression in human skeletal muscle. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Mar;152(3):427-36. 
11. Rodríguez-Carmona A, Pérez-Fontán M, Guitián A, Peteiro J, García-Falcón T, López-Muñiz A, García-Buela J, Cordido F. Effect of low-GDP bicarbonate-lactate-buffered peritoneal dialysis solutions on plasma levels of adipokines and gut appetite-regulatory peptides. A randomized crossover study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012 Jan;27(1):369-74.
12. Teta D, Maillard M, Tedjani A, Passlick-Deetjen J, Burnier M. The effect of pH-neutral peritoneal dialysis fluids on adipokine secretion from cultured adipocytes. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Mar;22(3):862-9.
13. Wolkowicz P, Grenett H, Belousova M, Urthaler F. Activation of leptin expression by an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Apr;28(4):649-51.

Adelfo Cerame - Road to The Wheelchair Nationals '12: Are You Only Lifting Weights or Already Building Muscle?

Image 1: If you asked yourself how much "damage" the reintroduction of fruits and starchy carbs has done to Adelfo's physique, I guess that this picture that was taken on Tuesday, this week will suffice for an answer... or do you see any fat-gain? I don't not even the dreaded water in the lower abs has returned.

When people ask me for training advice - be that at the gym, on the SuppVersity Facebook wall or directly on my facebooky, ah... I mean fancy new "timeline", my first question usually is: "What is your training goal?" If the answer doesn't come like a shot, I already know where things are at sixes and sevens. More often than not the simple reason people's training sucks is because they either don't have a goal or are unwilling to prioritize one over the other. Training is there for a purpose it is no purpose in and out of itself! And for those of you who are aspiring to build a physique like Adelfo, this purpose will be muscle growth, not strength. To hit the gym "to lift heavy weights", will thusly always be secondary to hitting the gym to stimulate muscle growth. Given the fact that both are obviously closely related, the tips Adelfo is going to give you in today's installment of his contest prep series, here at the SuppVersity focus mainly around how your mindset and mind-to-muscle connection can help you to achieve the latter, i.e. maximal training stimuli, by doing the former, i.e. lifting heavy weights... enjoy!

You know how to lift weights, right? But do you know how to train?

What is your focus when you train at the gym? Are you prepared? Do you have a plan of attack? Know which exercises do to, how much reps you want to crank out and how many plates you are going to put onto the bar? No? Then you are one of those guys (or girls, obviously ;-) who just wing it and make up shit as you go? These every serious trainee should ask him- / herself, because the way you answer them will affect the way you perform at the gym and the latter will obviously determine whether you will meet your aims or fail.

Recipe of the Week: Keep It Simple, Nutritious and Delicious

Nutrition and training certainly have more than one thing in common. One such thing is that simplicity mostly beats finesse. And what could possibly be simpler, or I should say more basic than chicken breast, russet potatoes and veggies?

• 10 oz chicken breast marinated in peanut thai sauce from Trader Joe’s  
• 11 oz of organic russet potatoes baked and cut into mojo potatoes (seasoned with sea salt, crushed pepper, tarragon, and cayenne pepper)
• 1 whole cucumber sliced and topped with 1 oz of fresh cut pineapples, sea salt, red wine vinegar, and sprinkles of truvia to add a sweet taste to it.
• 1 cup of fresh papayas to top off the meal

Macros:  83g protein / 81g of carbs / 21g fat

Note: This 949 kcal post-workout meal is another demonstration of the beauty of intermittent fasting. I mean who, if not an intermittent faster would be able to chow down 949 kcal in one meal and still run a 500-600kcal/day deficit?

If the decision whether you want to wear the red or the black muscle shirt, or the question if the blue pants go well with your greenish top are the only things you have on your mind, when you are getting ready for a workout, I can guarantee you that your training will suck. For those of you who do now feel caught with the hands in the cookie jar (by the way, eating cookies before a workout ain't particularly productive either ;-), I have compiled a brief checklist which may help you to make the most of your time in the gym:

1. Focus at the task at hand: Know your the body parts you are going to train, know the exercise and have a clear set / rep / weight goal for each of them.
    
2. Get into the right mindset and your physical preparedness will follow: Know that you are in for a hard ride, commit yourself to putting your body through some positive pain (I am not talking about hurting yourself, guys), and, if by any means possible, find yourself a training partner who is just as dedicated as you are. I used to train alone, but I guess my current success is in part attributable to my new training partner who is willing and able to help me push through my limits
    
3. Don't lose sight of your long-term goals:  Know what you are training for and which overall direction you want to take. Maximum fat loss and maximum strength, for example are mutual exclusives. Trying to achieve both at a time will lead to stagnation or regression. Make a list of short-term goals that mark the way towards your overall goal - this does not have to be the title at a bodybuilding competition. Just something that allows you to constantly remind yourself: "There's a prize, and I have my eye on it"

As you may notice, it's all in your head. Whether your workout is going to be productive or not is to a large extent determined by the attitude with which you are hitting the gym. It will keep you going, pushing, pulling, curling, squatting, and, what is probably most important, feeling confident with what you are doing.

Remember: For bodybuilders, lifting weights serves a purpose, it is no purpose of its own

Instead of just going to the gym, taking the heaviest dumbbell you can lift off the rack to do a few "ballistic curls" that will make your ego and maybe your traps grow, but leave your biceps idle, your (newly acquired?) mindset allows to really focus on good form and technique. You ignore the bros around you - some of them may be bigger than you are and they may be lifting heavier weight, but the way they train tells you that it won't be long until you will be the one who lifts the heaviest weights... and that with proper form.

January 2012 Training Video: Shoulder Day!

Video 1: Click on the image (or this link) to watch Adelfo perform alternating military and neck presses for 5 reps - the one shoulder exercise where he is going really heavy, yet not without his training partner as a spotter.

My shoulder regimen is basic and simple. I train my front, back and rear deltoids, and for some reason I like to incorporate my trapezoids into my shoulder training. To be honest for a while I thought the traps were a shoulder muscle, so I think that’s why I got into the habit of always training traps with shoulders. I don’t really do anything fancy with my shoulder training regimen, because, I figure my deltoids get hit most of the time when I’m doing bench press exercise or any type of rows when I train back, therefore one "shoulder day" a week is plenty - and for me that is usually Saturday.

In view of the fact that the shoulder is probably the most vulnerable of the major body parts bodybuilders use to isolate in their training regimen, I usually don't lift as heavy on these days, turn to the higher rep schemes (8-12) and perform 4-5 sets per exercise.

You can see me perform the last movement of my current shoulder workout, which consists of

• DB lateral raises (side): 4x8-12 (Sometimes I’ll superset one with the other)
• DB lateral raises (front): 4x8-12  (Sometimes I’ll superset one with the other)
• Reverse machine fly’s/ or reverse cable crossovers (high grip): 4x8-12
• Shrugs: 5x5 heavy
• BB Military/Neck presses: 5x5 (I press from front to back= 1 rep)

in this weeks training video. The workout is based around a few suggestions Rob Regish, the author of The Blueprint, came up with and which has become one of my favorites!

For me and probably many of you, lifting heavier weights will yet always remain a means to an end. You improve your strength to be able to expose your muscle to new growth stimuli and those stimuli will be amplified, when you focus on the "mind-to-muscle connection". Learn the basic anatomy of your muscles, learn to flex each one of them and practice posing. All that can strengthen the mind-to-muscle connection and will exponentiate your gains. It will also help you to determine when a body part needs more rest - when you don't feel the muscle and are just pumping away your weights, chances are you need more rest.

Don't be "that guy": 5 Things not to do at the gym

And while these are the most fundamental DO's here is a list of the absolute DON'T's, most of which you will however encounter in gyms all across the world everyday:

You think you could use some more advice on your  training, diet and supplementation regimen from someone who knows what it takes to build muscle and lose fat? Reach out to Adelfo via Facebook as long as he is still taking clients!

• lifting weights for no clear-cut purpose - the "I just like to lift weights mentality" will get you nowhere
   
• "lifting" way too heavy - the "I can use the heaviest dumbbells mentality" will get you nowhere but into the hospital
   
• focussing on finishing a lift instead of lifting - the "just one more set mentality" will have you do 100 sets without having taxed the muscle once
   
• training the same body parts everyday - the "my chest/biceps is lagging mentality" is the exact reason why your biceps and/or chest are lagging, you are overtraining them
   
• becoming complacent - the "I am happy the way I am mentality" is just a way by which you are saving your lazy ass from the work it would take to make progress

Now, even if you think that you are already doing all the DO's and avoiding all the DON'T's, there will allways be room for improvement. For me, the incorporation of a lower rep-regimen (5x5 and even EDT) has brought my mind-and-muscle connection to another level. When you know that you have "only" 5 reps to stimulate the muscle, you will almost inevitably "make every rep count" - on the higher rep schemes, this is tremendously more difficult and you will find yourself often more focused on completing the 12-15 reps you are supposed to do than on the actual task at hand, which is to stimulate hypertrophy by contracting your muscle against the momentary resistance of the weight.

Lower rep schemes will force you to make every rep count

With low(er) rep schemes, such as 5x5, you know all you need to do is give everything you got for each of the 5 reps you are about to do. If you asked me, it's a psychological thing… I mean, mentally you know you only have to do like 3-5 reps and that’s it! You know you can just give everything you got and shoot your load within that one set, without worrying about having to keep going for another 5, or maybe even 10 reps. That will allow you to focus on maximum contractions and practicing the mind-to-muscle connection, which will eventually help you to maintain proper form and focus on higher rep sets, as well.

So, I guess the best thing you can do now is to just randomly select any muscle shirt, ignore whether the color of your pants jars the one of your top and head off to the gym... the next installment of this series won't be available before Thursday anyway. So you have plenty of time to practice your mind-to-muscle connection ;-)

"80-85% 1RM, 6-10 Reps"? Changes in Muscle Fiber-Type in Response to Classic, Super Slow and Light Training Confirm "Old School Training" Rules and Will Always Prevail!

Image 1: If you don't want to be strong and look good naked, you better not train like "old school" like Arnold, Franco Columbu (img), Dave Draper, Frank Zane & Co.

Although, I do assume that you just dropped everything, went home from work early, or simply did not leave the house at all to be able to listen to my appearance on Carl Lanore's Super Human Radio, yesterday, I know that sometimes more important things (whatever that may be) get into one's way and will thusly give you a second chance, today (click here to download the podcast)... well, so far for the humorous part of this post. Assuming that by now, you did listen to the podcast you should remember that I promised to have something about exercise and strength training in the news, today. And as Carl will probably assert, Super Humans usually stick to their promises, although - and I did mention that yesterday, as well - the number of significant studies, i.e. studies that do not involve frail elderly or morbidly obese people, is relatively scarce.

Bro, you know the revolutionary new "GHRWZAR-642421 training principle"?

Image 2: If you are looking for a collection of proven routines, instead of bunch of old hats with funky new names, the Blueprint would be a good choice.

Beside the fact that our interest in improving our health and the way we look by diet and nutrition is not getting all too much love in the major scientific publications, another factor, which in all fairness should not be forgotten is that we do actually know what works, don't we? Sleep, eat, train... with the "common wisdom" with respect to "what is the best diet" being in constant flux, I guess, we are simply expecting to see similarly paradigm changes in the realms of exercise physiology, but aside from the occasional letter salad people are trying to sell you as the latest and greatest new training technique, which then turns out to be the 1001 iteration of what the fathers of physical culture have been doing for ... I guess, centuries, would be correct... the basics, which are to pick up a heavy weight move it through time and space for about 6-10 reps and rack it, never change - for a good reason as the pretty detailed results of a freshly published (actually still ahead of print) study from Mark D. Schuenke and his colleagues just confirmed anew (Schuenke. 2012). 

Lifting heavy objects makes women ... dunno, but not bulky, to say the least ;-)

I guess, I better mention it right away in order to avoid that you get all to psyched out and are disappointed in the end: The study participants were 34 untrained young women (21.1 § 2.7 years). And just to make sure there are no misunderstandings, here - the downside for physical culturists is that these women were untrained not that they were women! The latter, is, as the scientists point out, actually an advantage, because "in pre-vious studies, it has been easy to find eager, untrained female subjects with excellent compliance to protocols", which by the way is another thing, Carl and I talked about in yesterday's installment of Super Human Radio ;-)

The reason that the subjects training status ("untrained") is somewhat of a downside, is yet that the early adaption which occur once you first pick up the weights, are fundamentally different from the painfully slow gains of an advanced trainee or elite athlete. In the end, the latter is yet also part of the reason that scientists don't recruit athletes for studies like this, after all the gains" (both strength- as well as muscle-wise) these subjects would have made over the course of the 6-week study period, in which the ladies in this study performed a total of 17 training sessions (two in the first week, three per week in the subsequent 5 weeks), would have been hardly "significant" - and in this case we are talking about both, statistical, as well as real-world significance.

Figure 1: Graphical illustration of the three experimental conditions / training regimen in the study.

Figure 1 should give you the general idea of the three different training regimen the women were randomly assigned to. With the first one being heavy + fast (TUT was in fact 1-2s for both concentric and eccentric part of the movement; verbal count was provided to make sure the tempo was correct) representing what has worked pretty well for generations of strength athletes, the second one being a variety of the Super Slow principle and the third one representing the "I don't want to build muscle"-approach to weight lifting that is unfortunately still very popular among women, we have the whole spectrum from tried and proven to tried and worthless in here ;-) I guess, it should be mentioned that the number of sets (3 sets, to failure) and the exercises, which were leg presses, squats and knee extensions (I suppose the latter is identical to "leg extensions", but I thought I rather stick to what Schuenke et al. wrote) were identical so that the effective parameters which influenced the study outcome were time-under-tension (TUT + reps) and intensity (% of 1RM) - or to make a long story short: Lift heavy and fast, give yourself a hard time by lifting slow or just pump away with lousy weights to "shape your body" (I hope you see the irony wrt to the last point).

Everyone who believes in "shaping your body with high reps and light weights" raise your hand!

I guess, for most of you it won't  come as a surprise, when I am telling you that there were no changes in total body mass in the course of this 6-week training intervention, but what I guess will be surprising is that the body composition of the women did not change either (cf. figure 2)!

Figure 2: Fat mass (in kg) and fat free mass (in kg) before and after 6 weeks with a total 17 leg training sessions (data adapted from Schuenke. 2012)

If you scrutinize the data in figure 2 you could make a point that there was a 0.1% increase here and a 0.025% decrease there, but I guess, even if you have no clue how those p-values, which indicate if the change in a measured parameter could be mere coincidence are calculated, it is quite obvious that none of these changes reached statistical, let alone real-world significance.

If we take a closer look at what happened "inside" the vastus lateralis muscle from which the scientists took muscle biopsies before and at the end of the study period, it does yet become obvious that our "conventional exercise wisdom" is in fact much more reliable than its nutritional counterpart.

Figure 3: Changes in relative fiber composition in vastus lateralis muscle in response to 6 weeks of leg training with different loading / TUT / rep schemes (data adapted from Schuenke. 2012)

As you would expect, the muscle fiber-types shifted according to the load and the TUT / reps that were used with a generally more pronounced increase in the still highly glycolytic type IIA and type IIAX fibers in the classic standard RT group and a shift towards a more oxidative type II fiber type (type IIC) in the super slow group. As those of you who have read the Intermittent Thoughts on Building Muscle will know, the former precipitates both strength and size gains, while the latter would be something a "strength-oriented endurance athlete", as maybe a rower, could be interested in. What all three training regimen have in common though, is the decrease in the exclusively glycolytic type IIX fibers, of which those of you who have followed the aforementioned series will know that they are quasi-nonexistent in elite bodybuilders.

Training light does work, but does not really do the job

What is also noteworthy, is that the light, yet fast training with high reps, induced what you may call a "transition status", with initial changes in the type IIX fibers (becoming type IIAX), but without the a complete switch from the "unflexible" glucose guzzling type IIX fibers to the cornerstones of strong and big muscles - the type IIA fibers. In view of the fact that the scientists did not quantify the strength gains and that the "higher growth propensity" of type IIA fibers is somewhat of an urban myth, the study outcome with the greatest real-world significance is unquestionable the increase in fiber size, which, as the data in figure 4 goes to show was maximal in all three major fiber types in response to the classic training protocol.

Figure 4: Changes in cross sectional area of the different fiber types (data adapted from Schuenke. 2012)

If that is not enough to convince at least the male part in the audience that there is good reason that the good old "6-10 reps in the 80-85% 1RM range" is still around, I guess they must be beyond help... and as far as the ladies are concerned: I know you don't "wanna get big", but let me tell you this - "strong is the better sexy", and as Carl Lenore would probably add "muscle is metabolic currency". So, if you want to stay mobile into your old days, do your joints and bones a favor by strengthening them in time. Moreover, with the mitochondrial powerhouses in full-gear, a few fixes to your diet should suffice to make those "problem areas" not magically, but gradually disappear.

Apropos diet, while the subjects did not have to log their calorie let alone macronutrient intake, I would bet that with a simple protein shake after their training and some general tweaks to their diets, those favorable changes in body composition, i.e. decreases in fat and increases in lean mass, which are at the heart of "looking good naked" would have come about... with the "I love my pasta and red-meat gives you cancer"-diet from the latest cosmopolitan, on the other hand, you better stick to baggy jeans and huge sweaters instead of bikinis and speedos, ladies and gentlemen ;-)