.

.
marylin monroe
Showing posts with label high carb. Show all posts
Showing posts with label high carb. Show all posts

Adelfo Cerame: Carbophobia a Thing of the Past - How a Love-and-Hate Affair Turned into a Productive Friendship

The very latest progress pictures from "Your's Truly"; Adelfo Cerame Jr. posted only a couple of hours ago on Facebook - I guess there is no doubt about the success he has with his old fiend and new friend - in "moderation" as he says ;-)
It's Thursday and about time for another update of "Your's Truly" Adelfo Cerame Jr. from the photo Adelfo posted on facebook earlier today (see image on the right), you can see already that he actually not approaching, but more or less already in contest shape, but before I hand the virtual microphone (actually I should type keyboard ;-) over to Adelfo, here is the brief primer on today's SuppVersity Science Round-Up on Super Human Radio.

As you should really know by now, you have three options (not listenting to it is not among them ;-)
  1. listen live at 1PM EST,
  2. download the show ~2h later either from the "Physical Culture for Your Ears" menu in the sidebar of the SuppVersity, or
  3. download the podcast load it right over right over at www.superhumanradio.com
And just to make sure that you know that it will be well worth it, here's the sneak peak on the topics Carl Lanore and I have lined up for you, today:
As you should know by now, additional topics and things I mentioned that ended up not making it into the show due to time constraints will be part of tomorrow's SuppVersity Science Round-Up Seconds... that's it. Let's go Adelfo!

Fully and completely getting over my phobia of carbohydrates

It's plain to see and hard to deny: Me + Carbs a.k.a. Mrs. Jones = Got a Thang Goin’ On…
In light of some of the comments I’ve been getting on FB about my carbohydrate intake being very high, I thought it would be prudent to address the issue in my weekly blogpost. Firstly, this saves me hours of precious time, since I don't have to answer the same questions dozens of times, and secondly - my gut tells me I would have benefited, if someone had written a post like this in the past: an article that would have had me rethink my own nutritional regimen, which and this is something I want to point out before I even get into any details clearly isn't "high carb"! With 150-200g of carbohydrates and thus <800kcal of my daily energy intake from carbs this may be high for a "carbophob", as I've been one myself before, but it would still be considered "low carb" both, in the mainstream, as well as in the context of classic bodybuilding diets. Be that as it may, I personally feel a huge relief now that I have finally liberated myself from my personal fears of carbohydrates and have learned to embrace "carbs" in all its forms - my diet has become more flexible, I have a greater variety and - what's most important - I see nothing but benefits from it.

I’ll be the first to tell you that Mrs. Jones (I’ll refer to her as that because this is how I felt about carbs for a while) and I were not on the best terms. It was a 3-year love hate relationship. Just like cash, I thought she was the root of all evil. The first time I ever downloaded and read Dr. Mauro DiPasquale’s Anabolic Solution, I for sure thought I found the Holy Grail to dieting and bodybuilding (true story!), and that’s where my phobia and our tragic love-hate relationship actually began. I thought that I would be shredded year round if only I lived the low carb lifestyle. It worked for a while but then eventually the magic I thought I was experiencing, when I started out, didn’t work any longer. 

Even during my bulk I thought I would still manage to look ripped because I was on low carbs, but again I was wrong! Lol. But I still insisted that carbs were evil just because… honestly, I don't even know why!? Probably because for 2 years I had avoided my Mrs Jones like the plague and only devoured her on my refeeds, cheat days and special social events, which eventually turned into binge fests and late nights in my bed being in a fetal position because I would eat myself silly.

No, carbs just had to be bad,... otherwise I would have had to admit that I'd a mistake, yet not only once, but 365 days a year!

Suggested read: Adel's old post "Carbohydrate Shortage in Paleoland" The article explains pretty well why 150g CHO is something any not 100% sedentary diabetic can easily handle.
If you have a closer look at Not until last year did my opinion start to change towards carbohydrates. My relationship with Mr. Jones gradually improved ever since I started using Intermittent Fasting a la Leangains last year to prepare for my 2012 bodybuilding shows. But even then I still shied away from breads, oats, grains and even rice and just stuck to your typical sweet potatoes and yams. I guess you could say that she and I were at a truce, but not necessarily friends, like secret lovers we knew our boundaries and kept our distance… I stayed away for the majority of the week with the exception of 1-2 days of debauchery out of the week (refeeds).

During the last year, however, a revelation started to dawn on me. Finally, I began to understand the importance of carbohydrates, when it came to performance and the importance of performance, when it comes to making progress - regardless of whether we are talking, cutting, bulking or becoming stronger! More and more foods I had avoided or restricted, because I deemed them "bad" or "extremely detrimental" for my physique found their way back in my diet and not one of my fears about what would happen, when I consumed them more than maximally once per week materialized.

Me + Carbs = Best Friends

Though carbohydrates are not an essential nutrient like fats and amino acids; I’ve realized when it comes to performance and bringing in your best physique… carbs are necessary.
I really kept an open mind when approaching my 2012-2013 contest preparations. Just as I had an open mind with giving intermittent fasting a go last year for my prep, I’ve also had an open mind with giving IIFYM a try this year and combining the two, and needless to say I am very happy that I did. I thought that I enjoyed the perks of Intermittent fasting last year?... Well I’m really enjoying the perks of applying both IF & IIFYM this year! A

Admittedly, it certainly helped to have a coach I can trust. It gave me a lot of reassurance in keeping an open mind – especially when you’re still trying to grasp the fact that all foods are OK to eat in moderation - and yes this includes ice cream, beer and bacon (before some of you new readers out there go nuts and tell me how unhealthy my new protocol is, please refer to my last article and the follow up discussion, so you’ll understand what I’m taking about).

My Take Away: As I always say, balance, moderation & consistency are the keys to a long-term successful diet. Though carbohydrates and I are pals now, I still show the same amount of love to protein and fats as I did before; the only difference is that carbohydrates is treated as an equal now ;-)

Adelfo Cerame - Road to The Wheelchair Nationals '12: Cheating Allowed! Another Beauty of Intermittent Fasting.

Image 1: Just graduated - Adelfo Cerame Jr. holds the lecture on "cheating"
When I just received Adelfo's email with his weekly progress update, I thought "Damn. He is just giving away things you had in stall for one of the next installments of the Intermittent Thoughts". In view of the fact that re-feeds, the particular value of the occasional high-carb meals on an otherwise low-carb diet and the widespread misconception that a single occasional binge could actually make you fat are so near and dear to my heart, that I think we (meanwhile I feel like Adelfo has become part of the SuppVersity staff ;-) cannot address these issues often enough. "Go ahead then, Prof. Cerame! Let the student's know about your dietary escapades!" And you, dear students, always remember: At the SuppVersity you learn everything it takes to succeed - even cheating ;-)

The four commandments of faithful cheating

I know I mentioned in last week's installment of my weekly contest prep blog that I would refrain from cheating on my meal plan or even re-feeding for the next couple of weeks, until either Christmas is almost their or my body was signalling me that it was about to time to refuel. Now, this past weekend, the occasion, or I should say, social obligations, called for it and ... I complied, realizing that the ability to cheat is another if not one of the most outstanding beauties of being on an intermittent fasting protocol!
Image 2: On Saturday night I had a medium rare double Angus burger with crisp cut seasoned fries which I washed down with seasonal pumpkin spiced ale! I finished off with a dessert: A triple chocolate pizookie. And to make sure I was really satisfied, I broke my fast on Sunday with 6 slices of pizza ;-)
As I mentioned, I had no idea that this was going to be a cheat day, when I woke up on Saturday morning, so I went about it like it was any other day: I trained fasted (this is something I only do on Saturdays, because I train in the morning, then), broke my fast at the regular time, which is around 3pm, and then went to go watch a football game. A couple hours later, I got a phone call from my family asking me if I wanted to meet with them at a restaurant for dinner... and guess what: I gladly accept - without hesitation! Now, you are probably even more surprised than my relatives, asking yourselves:

"Aren’t you preparing for a bodybuilding competition!? Why would you do such a thing!?""

To be honest, when I come to think about it, there is not just one, but rather a whole host of reasons for something so outrageous as being flexible with my diet ;-)
  • For one, I started my prep early and gave myself, 20+ weeks rather than the usual 12 weeks that had to suffice in the past. So the first reason is just a time issue: Taking your time to prep for a show does not only allow you to drop body flat at a lower and much more natural pace, is also gives you the dietary flexibility you need in scenarios like these.
  • Secondly, being on an intermittent fasting protocol, I was - despite a cheat - still within my caloric macronutrient range - after all, I had not had the typical 3-4 high protein, high carb meals your usual bodybuilder would already have gulped down, when I received the invitation. And though I may eventually have gone a little over my projected caloric inttake, that was not half as bad as it would have been, when I had eaten 2/3 of my daily allotment before I even arrived at the restaurant.
  • Thirdly, and on a related note, intermittent fasting, that is something I have come to realize allows, no IF almost forces you to "EAT BIG!", anyway. When it's about time to eat, you eat, you do not peck like a bird, you eat until you're full... and no, not just that "somewhat satisfied" or "just enough" type of being full you are persuading yourself into, when your brain is telling you that you are hitting your planned caloric intake. No, you'll think you had overeaten, feeling guilty with your two huge meals inside your slightly protruding tummy.... and yet, you are most likely still on slight caloric deficit. Personally, I've even had to re-check or re-count the calories and macros on days where I felt I might have eaten too much, only to realize that at the end of the day, my stomach was bulging, but I had barely hit my macros for the day.
  • Fourthly, I trained. When you train (heavy and intense, no sissy 30min walk on the treadmill), you have a little leeway (don't get me wrong and try to make up for binges by hitting the gym for hours - that won't work!), not because you burned so much calories (a hilarious concept, anyway), but because you have primed your body to make good use of the nutrients (remember you eat nutrients, not calories) you are consuming... but I guess you have learned all that already in the course of the past installments of the Intermittent Thoughts Series (esp. the article on the "Anabolic Barn Door"). And if I understood Dr. Andro correctly, he will have some very concrete examples of how you can make the most of this nutrient partitioning effect in the future installments on how to program dietary and athletic success.
  • And fifth- and lastly, this was a cheat/re-feed day. Although many of you probably would like to eat out with family every day, this is something you can do on special occasions, it is yet something you cannot do everyday! Used sparingly, re-feeds can kick-start your metabolism, fill glycogen stores and most importantly (!) maintain your psychological health and keep your friends and family happy ;-)
"What do you say?" No! One or two days of controlled cheating will not make you fat. You might put on some extra water weight, but that will be lost as soon as you get back on track, which - and I cannot stress that enough - is what distinguishes controlled binging as in re-feeding from the disordered binge-eating you may see in some hopeless dieters who are at the verge of developing a full blown eating disorder. 
Image 3: Me on Monday morning. As you can see, I did not put on any body fat. If anything, my muscles had more pop and felt fuller and my energy and strength in the gym were through the roof that Monday.
And if you still ain't convinced, think about it this way: If you eat like shit for 14 days straight, and then decide to eat healthy on the 15th day; will that make a difference? Probably not. So the same goes with cheat days, if you eat healthy the majority of the time and decide to have cheat days from time to time, it’s fine.  

You think you could use some advice on your own training, diet and supplementation regimen and want it from someone who obviously knows what it takes to build muscle and lose fat? You can reach out to Adelfo via Facebook.
Real men (and women) ain't scared of food.
                                     It’s all about balance and moderation.


Back in my previous preps, when I used to follow a more conventional bodybuilding-type eat-every-two-hours diet, my re-feeds would last the whole day, but ever since I began to fast intermittently, my cheat meals are within my feeding hours. In my humble opinion, this really maximizes the benefits you can reap from your re-feeds. Not only does the limited feeding-window prevent you from going totally overboard, it's actually also more enjoyable, because you do not have to stuff your face the whole day! Believe me, try having a cheat day, where you eat from morning to night - sounds fun? Well, I guess you have not tried that, yet! The first meal is always great, but by the third meal of the day, lethargy, sleepiness and that uncomfortable comatose feeling start to hit you like Thor's hammer (remember image 1 from last week ;-). You don't want to do anything but lie in bed (even sitting on the couch feels like a workout) and the rest of your pre-scheduled meals become a challenging task, in the course of which you forcefully stuff yourself with carbs!

A pros pos carbs. I mentioned before that the caloric overload on intermittent fasting re-feeds is obviously limited by the amount of food you can eat within the relatively short feeding-window. Thusly, you will consume more energy than usual, yet by far not in similarly excessive amounts as on a "regular" re-feed. That being said, with the focus of my re-feeds being on carbohydrates, there is a major shift in the macronutrient composition, which is intended to top off the glycogen stores of my muscles (and liver, which is the organ that will supply your brain with glucose, whenever there is a transient shortage of energy) and to take advantage of the anti-catabolic and IGF-1 promoting effects insulin - and it is in the vicinity of a workout (as last Saturday, for example), with your muscles ready and willing to suck up every mole of glucose they can possibly get, when you get the most "anabolic bang" for your "sugary bucks" ;-)

To summarize - here is a rough outline of my cheat day / re-feed protocol:
  1. I keep protein intake the same.After all, I do not want the anabolic machinery to run out of amino acid fuel ;-)
  2. My carb intake is high (remember if carbs are low in your regular diet, it is only logical to put a focus on carbs when you refeed), since I am only given a small window (max. 8 hours) to carb load, I prefer fast digesting or high glycemic index carbs, so that it transports straight to the muscles and do not digest until the "anabolic barn doors" are already half closed.I do nevertheless try to avoid real junk food and stick to my pineapple coconut pancaces (see recipe of the week), white potatoes, rice, pasta and high sugar fruits to get straight to the point and not waste anytime!
  3. Image 4: It always baffles me, how many people still believe that "low fat" equals "healthy"
  4. I keep my fat intake low. This allows me to potentially eat more carbohydrates (fats take up a lot of calories and on re-feed days, when I'd rather have the calories from carbohydrates). Fats also slow the digestion of carbs, and, as mentioned before, that's not what I want on a glycogen repleting re-feed day. I realize that it is sometimes hard to keep fats low during a cheat day - after all, your usual "cheats" (i.e. the junk many people eat everyday ;-) are about as high in fat as they are in carbs, so I take advantage of the nutritional stupidity of "low fat eating" and go to Trader Joe's and similar places, where I avail myself of some low-fat junk,... ah I mean USDA myPlate-type foods like the "low fat Twinies" in image 4 *rofl*
  5. I eat until I am full! And, I even dare to say, until I have to unbutton my pants... so just that you know what kind of "full" we are talking about, here ;-)
Well… that’s all I got for this week. What? Oh, yes. No, I did not forget it. The promised weekly recipe from my ever-growing cookbook.
Image 5: Pancakes are one of my favorite cheat- / re-feed meals
Recipe of the Week: Pineapple coconut pancakes

Ingredients:
  • 12 oz of pineapple & coconut pancake flour mix
  • chocolate syrup
  • coconut syrup
  • 1 bowl of cocoa puffs
  • 40g whey protein (pour over cereal as milk)
Quick tip: When I re-feed, I don’t count calories - this is why you do not see specific serving sizes or macros, like you usually have with my other recipes. Just remember the four golden rules: Keep protein high, focus on carbohydrates, while keeping fats low and - never forget - eat until you're full, full as in "unbuttoning- your-pants full" ;-)
Let me just give you this advise to take along: This is a cheat meal recipe though, so I would not recommend making this a staple in your nutritional regimen… Well, now that I think of it I guess it would be possible, if you cater it to your daily macronutrient intake. Yet, not everything that is possible is also also advisable, after all the "Twinkies Diet" was a great example that you can lose weight while eating junk food, but this is neither healthy, nor will it help you to achieve a stage ready physique. So, I guess your best bet is to cheat today and to come back for next week's installment of this series for healthier alternatives!

-16% Abdominal Fat on a Cornstarch Diet? No Problem If You Add 4 Teaspoons of Black Pepper to Your Meals!

Image 1: According to Wood et al. (1988) black pepper contains between 3-8% piperine. A teaspoon of black pepper would thus deliver have 60-160mg piperine, which would mean that you would have to swallow roughly 4 of those to get the fat loss effect (if it does translate to humans)
I don't know if you have realized it, but if you are taking any "high quality" dietary supplements, chances are that one of the minor ingredients on its label is "piperine", the alkaloid that is responsible for the pungent taste of black pepper. The reason, why manufacturers keep adding this spicy ingredient to their formulas is not its anti-oxidant potency, not its stimulating effect on the digestive enzymes of pancreas or even its ability to significantly reduce the gastrointestinal food transit time, no it is because piperine messes with the way your liver metabolizes drugs (piperine inhibits both the drug transporter P-glycoprotein and the major drug-metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4; Bardhwaj. 2002). Yet, while everybody seems to be freaking out about possible medical interactions of St. John's Wort, nobody appears to care about piperine... the credo seems to be "As long as it enhances the delivery of my curcumin it must be a good thing!" That it could as well enhance the bioavailability of a lot of other things, you'd rather have your liver clear from your system as fast as possible, is largely ignored, though.
Note: It always amazes me how scientists design their experimental diets. Usually we have those "high fat diets" that then turn out to be high fat + high carb (like 40% carb, 50% fat, 10% protein). So I was curious what a "high carbohydrate, high fat" diet (HCHF) would look like. Well, let me put it like that. I am not sure, whether the control diet that consisted of a meat-free rat and mouse feed (Specialty Feeds, Australia) that was mixed with cornstarch (yes, the devil! ;-) and water was so much "healthier" than the fattening HCHF diet where part of the cornstarch and the water was replaced with condensed milk, fructose and beef tallow... I mean, condensed milk and beef tallow do sound pretty good, and let's be honest even "normal" corn starch is probably not much better than pure fructose... what do you say? "Scientific Idiocy?" Well, I didn't say that ;-)
So far for the bad news. Now for the good one: A recent study from the University of Southern Queensland found that the addition of ~30mg piperine per kg body weight to the chow of 8-9 week old male Wistar rats, who were fed a high carbohydrate + high fat diet for 16 weeks (cf. red box above), ...
[...] reduced blood pressure, improved cardiac and liver structure and function, reduced oxidative stress, and attenuated inflammatory and metabolic changes induced by HCHF diet as compared to CS diet.
Moreover, the addition of 30mg/kg piperine (=4.86mg/kg for humans) kept the rats on the "typical Western diet" (high carbs + high fat) healthy, it also kept them reasonably lean and, more importantly, it also reduced the weight of the abdominal fat pads by -16% in the "control" (=high carb) group (cf. figure 1).
Figure 1: Changes in dietary intake and body composition of male Wistar rats receiving 30mg/kg piperine in their cornstarch (control) or high carbohydrate + high fat (HCHF); values relative to unsupplemented control (data calculated based on Diwan. 2011)
If you have a closer look at the dietary and body compositional data, I've compiled for you in figure 1, you will also realize that all that happened, although the rats who received the piperine in their chow consumed +7% (cornstarch) and +16% (HCHF) more calories than their peers. This is not only further evidence for the ludicrousness of the calories in vs. calories out hypothesis it also goes to show that the rats did not simply stop eating, because they felt that their chow was too spicy ;-)
Figure 2: Changes in inflammatory markers and anti-oxidant status of male Wistar rats receiving 30mg/kg piperine in their cornstarch (control) or high carbohydrate + high fat (HCHF); values relative to unsupplemented control (data calculated based on Diwan. 2011)
For those of you who are also interested in their health (for the general public, I often get the impression that looking good is more important for many than feeling good), it may also be worth to have a look at the changes in inflammatory markers and anti-oxidant status in figure 2. After all, the data indicates that the piperine supplemented animals exhibited statistically significant (* p<0.05) reductions in the high carb + high fat induced elevations in C-reactive protein (one of the few markers of which scientists still believe that it is a realiable predictor of heart disease), uric acid and reactive oxygen specimen. Moreover, the total antioxidant status of the HCHF + piperine fed rats improved and was not statistically different from the rats in the cornstarch group at the end of the 16 weeks treatment period.

A potential fat-burner with a bitter after taste

Although Kim et al. observed similar effects in another recent study on mice, who were fed the classic high-fat diet for 3 weeks (the study compared piperine to pipernonaline, and dehydropipernonaline, Kim. 2011), these positive results do yet still have a peppery, ahh... I mean bitter after-taste. Yes, piperine exerted beneficial effects on body composition in both groups and had ameliorated the negative effects of the high carbohydrate + high fat diet on inflammatory markers (most importantly C-reactive protein) and anti-oxidant status and thusly prevented fibrosis, inflammation, and the accumulation of mast cells in the heart and liver of the animal, BUT in view of the colorful poly-pharmacological OTC self-doctoring approaches of many of the self-proclaimed "health conscious" consumers, I am kind of worried that the addition of 400mg of piperine per day (that would be the HED for an 80kg human being) could have unpredictable consequences. That being said, I am not even convinced that we would see similarly profound effects in human studies. After all, it would not be the first "proven" fat burner that turns out to be a non-starter in human trials... if you insist on trying it, do me a favor and not mix it with a lot of other supplements or even medical drugs!

Adelfo Cerame: Intermittent Fasting Done My Way - How I Break My Fast, Plan & Time My Macros and Use Caloric Zigzagging & Re-Feeds on a LeanGains Inspired IF Regimen

Image 1: Intermittent fasting, breaking the fast, macronutrient ratios and timing, caloric zigzagging and refeeds - learn how it can be done, learn how Adelfo does it!
Today's thursdaily SuppVersity post by Adelfo Cerame starts with an advertisement... "What? I thought the SuppVersity was ad-free!"... I see you are shocked!? Well, actually it ain't a real ad anyway, it's more a plug and what's best, I am plugging myself, or rather the new, likewise thursdaily radio show I am going to do with Carl Lanore. Those of you who have tuned in live or listened to the podcast (click here to download) last Thursday, when Carl was sitting alone in the studio going over the latest news-stories from the realms of health, nutrition and exercise science and I shot him an email, whether he did not want to call me to have some company, will probably already know what to expect. For the rest, I would say, the best way to describe what you will  hear today at 1PM EST on Super Human Radio would be "On Short Notice", or, in SHR-terms "Casual Sciency Thursday" - call it whatever you like, but don't forget to tune in live, or come back and download the podcast (update: click here to download the podcast), in case you already missed it

But now, without further delay Adelfo Cerame's Thursdaily Suppversity post for YOU to enjoy (the rest is ad-free, I guarantee ;-)

The intermittently fasted physique (re-)engineering nutrition 101 ;-)

If I had to name one question I get most, by clients, but even more so, by people who see me train in the gym or read my blogs, here at the SuppVersity is how I am timing my carbohydrates and meals. Especially with the folks who follow an IF style protocol, questions such as ...
  • “When should I eat my carbs?”
  • “How should I distribute my carbs?”
  • “What should my carb intake be on training days & rest days?”
  • “What about caloric zigzagging”
are things male and female gymrats appear to waste more time thinking about than about their significant others! As funny as that may sound - and to a certain degree it certainly is - there is actually an often overlooked correspondence between finding the ideal partner and the ideal nutrition regimen. Not only is it rarely your first love that you will end up marrying and spending a part if not your whole life with, it is also a matter of personal preference: Luckily, I mean if it wasn't all the guys would be chasing the same girl and all the girls would jump at just one guy ;-)
Image 2: When you are approaching this degree of leanness, you can still start worrying about all the intricacies of dieting many people waste far too much time on, when it would not even matter for them.
With nutrition things are not so much different and yet strangely people tend to lose themselves over details that would be equivalent of the size of your significant others right ear in comparison to her/his left one. What I am hinting here is that you must not lose sight of the big picture and lose yourselves in intricacies like these and their respective nutritional counter-parts before you haven't laid the nutritional foundations: Get rid of processed food, learn to cook, learn the basics about macronutrients and micronutrients how much you need and what your body needs them for and develop a sense for the energetic content of the foods you eat... "What? Calories, but I thought..."

Yeah, I know you thought "A Calorie is Not a Calorie" - that may be true, but only as long as you are referring to the black on white figures you see printed on the labels of the junk you can buy at the supermarket - intermittent fasting or not, at the end of the day, the most important determinant of whether you are or aren't progressing towards your goal is still the difference between the energy you derive from the foods you eat and the energy your body actually expends. 

You may notice that I am not talking about simple "calories vs. calories out" calculations you could do based on calorie tables and the figures your stupid heart rate monitor or treadmill are displaying. I am talking about the BIG PICTURE you always have to keep in mind and which must be set straight and be geared to your goals, i.e. weight loss, muscle or strength gains, etc., before you even start thinking about whether any those  "optimizations" of which I found that they work for me will work for you, as well.

My Twist to the Original Leangains Regimen

For those of you who have been following my Thursday Blogs for the past year or so, it won't be news that follow a 16/8 intermittent fasting protocol (this means 16h of fasting are followed by a 8h feeding window) - this protocol is based on the same fundamental principles as Martin Berkhan’s Leangains regimen. I don’t follow the exact protocol to a “T’’ (you know I am not changing Martin's girlfriend either ;-), but I stay along the guidelines, with added tweaks here and there to what’s suitable and work well for me… So here is what I prefer to do   when I break my fast and do my meal/carb timing during my 8 hour feeding window.
  • When do I eat my carbs? On training days, I prefer a protein + fat meal before I train because I feel my body runs better on dietary fats, when I train as oppose to having a big carb meal – so a protein shake + coconut oil (as a sponsored athlete I obviously use Myotropics Physique 2.0 and while I would recommend you give it at least a try, you can certainly use your favorite protein powder - preferably no whey isolate, but something "slower", like milk or a protein blend). The nourishing and long-lasting mix of WM-HDP, milk protein + MCTs from the coconut oil  is more than enough for me to fuel my workouts.

    Image 3: As it turns out the "anabolic window" is more of a barnyard door, than ...read more
    When I am back home from my workout my first real meal of the day is the one, where I place the lion's share of my carbohydrate intake. So, the meals after I train are usually high in protein and moderate to high in carbohydrates, while keeping the fat intake very modest. The reason I use this strategy is to make full use of the repartitioning effect after the workout, when your muscles will suck up more glucose in the presence of relatively moderate insulin levels. Since this "post workout window" (suggested read "Opening the 'Anabolic Barn Door' With the Key of Exercise and Nutrition Science!") also happens to fall in the evening, I don't have to worry about (a) bunking later in the day or (b) overeating and feeling sluggish, I just fill myself up with carbs and relax... when I go to bed later, I am still happy and satiated and ready to get some quality sleep.
  • Which carbohydrate sources do I use on workout days? While I am now going to give you a list, the latter is not supposed to be extensive - it's more to give you an idea of the broad range you can pick from without ever having to resort to the "carbage" that's making people fat and sick and has brought all carbs into disrepute.
    Figure 1: Recommended (mean) carbohydrate intake in %-age of total calorie consumption ... read more
    • sweet fruits like ripe bananas, pineapples, mangoes, cherries, papayas 
    • starchy carbs like sweet potatoes, organic russets, yams, colored potatoes, butternut squash, rice
    • variety of veggies
    If my macros allow for it and I can sneak it in – ice cream, Hawaiian bread, peanut butter and jelly sandwich, cheesecake, mochi - but occasionally!

    On non-training days I spread my macros pretty evenly across the 6h feeding window, with a lower carb intake on non-workout days and mostly being from veggies and fruits this will allow for optimal insulin levels all-day. Consequently, all my meals are high protein + high fat based; I've always fared very well with this strategy and feel that my body doesn’t need much carbohydrates on days I don’t train and those I do eat mostly come from...
    • a variety of veggies, which I always eat to satiety
    • a couple of slices of tropical fruits such as pineapples, papayas, plantains, kiwi, mango, coconuts, guava…
    In the end, most of my non-training day meals will thus be more or less "Vince Gironda"-ish, such as the food he consumed on his steak & eggs diet, or his Hawaiian diet that consists of a combination of lean meats and tropical fruits.
     
  • Caloric ZigzaggingCaloric zigzagging is another one of those advanced techniques I hinted at in the introductory part of this blog, it can facilitate and optimize fat loss, but is neither necessary to make progress nor optimal for everyone.

    Caloric zigzagging is not a must and not for everyone, either: In my opinion, caloric zigzagging, is not a beginner technique and the benefits are too small to risk getting totally confused . For beginners or people that just get confused with tracking numbers its much easier to just diet down and incorporate re-feed days rather than having to remember “x amount of carbs on this day, and x amount of carbs on that day” … But for individuals like myself… I don’t mind. Plus, with the protocol I follow, where I eat starchier carbs on training days and more fibrous carbs on non-training days; my caloric intake will tend to be lower on rest-days, anyways.
    Rather than just following a regular downward spiral, where you continuously decrease a constant daily calorie intake (independ of whether you work out or not) over a pre-defined, short timespan (4-6 weeks), caloric zigzagging will add an andditional "zigzag" component to the regimen, where you will now vary your calorie (and macronutrient intake according to whether you train or rest on a given day: Basically the idea is you will eat a little bit more, when you train to make use of the priming effect workouts have on the departments (muscle vs. fat) your body is going to store the nutrients, respectively the energy it derives from it in. On non-training days, on the other hand you eat less, and have your body feed of his body fat stores. There is however one thing you must never forget: At the end of the day it’s still about energy in, energy out, and your overall food consumption. Caloric zigzagging is just another one of those little pieces to the BIGGER PICTURE in which, as Dr. Andro would say it,  "weight gain and weight loss are nothing but the two complementary and yet incommensurable sides of the same coin".

    So, for example, my training day macros can look something like this; 200g protein/ 150g carbs/ 65g fat – then my rest day macros would look like this: 200g protein/ <100g carbs/ 65g fat. And again, different scenarios or phases in your cut will dictate how you make your macronutrient adjustments. Sometimes I can start off doing caloric zigzagging and by the tail end of my diet; I’m back to the good old proven and effective downward dieting.
     
  • How do I incorporate refeeds into my intermittent fasting routine? Re-feed days are usually incorporated into a diet once an individual starts to get leaner, calories are decreased, and metabolism starts to level out. In my experience, I did not have to incorporate re-feeds into my diet for the first 3 months. I had a cheat day, when Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Years came around but those were the only cheat days I incorporated into my diet for the first 3 months from October – January. The rest of the days out of those 3 months, I did just fine.

    I didn’t start incorporating re-feed days until around maybe mid-January, when I was really starting to dip into the single digit body fat % range. I would then still follow my 16/8 protocol and break fast on Sunday as I would any other day, but the leaner I got, the bigger and more important my Sunday refeeds became - to the point, where I was starting my re-feeds and breaking fast @ 10am and ending my them at 11pm. Lol.

    During my first contest prep of this year my re-feed days were pretty ridiculous. I never kept track of what I ate on my Sunday re-feeds. The only guidelines I followed were keep protein moderate, fats low, and carbs HIGH! And I ate literally the whole day. I never kept track but one Sunday I was curious to see how much carbs I was taking in, and I must have had almost ate 800+ grams of carbs that whole Sunday! And just in case you’re curious about this type of re-feed type style, it’s called skiploading (google it, and you’ll get the concept of it)! Or you can just double back to one of my re-feed blogs from a couple months back.

    Image 4: It's not just the nasty subcutaneous water you can avoid, when you don't abuse your refeed days to binge like a maniac!
    During my 2nd contest prep of this year my re-feeds were a bit more controlled this time around. I learned from a couple of Dr. Andro’s articles (esp. "Carbohydrate Shortage in Paleo Land") that the average indidual would not need more than max. 400g of carbs  to refill his glycogen stores (needless to say that those must not all come from dextrose or be eaten in one meal).

    Moreover, our glycogen stores don’t get as depleted as we think. It’s damn near impossible to fully deplete your glycogen stores during a single workout. Even after an intense session of high volume training, I don’t think even 50% of our glycogen stores get depleted – So long story short, I realized that I didn’t need to go overkill on the re-feeds 400g is more than enough to fill glycogen stores.

    I stuck to this principle and it has not just always worked well for me, but also helped me to avoid the nasty bloating, the gastrointestinal distress and the all the other dreaded short term and often overlooked negative longterm health effects of stuffing yourself with carbage fooling yourself to believe you were "refuelling your glycogen stores".

I hope this helps you answer some of your questions, provide orientation and give you inspiration to design and tweak your own (intermittent fasting) diet routine. And while this is all I have for you today, SuppVersity readers you are of course welcome to post additional questions and comments in the comment area below! So, tune in next week for another session with yours truly ;-)

Sex-Differences in Cravings After Std. Meals W/ Different Macro Composition - Low Carb + Energy Meals and / or High Amounts Of Fats May Make Female Sugar Cravings Worse

When it comes to carvings, women are more susceptible to the sugar coating of a doughnut vs. steak in a salt crust.
When I saw the results of a recent study from the University of Tokushima Graduate School, I felt reminded of my last barbecue with a couple of friends and how I would have preferred another steak, when my female friends devoured the chocolate cream grimacing as if they were about to have an orgasm.

You're asking yourselves what this anecdote could possibly have to do with the latest nutrition research from Japan? Well, it confirms the main findings Zhou et al. present in their latest paper in the peer-reviewed journal Public Health Nutrition (Zhou. 2014): Men have a significantly stronger desires for salty and fatty foods, whereas women prefer sweet food after meals.
Learn more about the effects of your diet on your body composition at the SuppVersity

Dieting Makes Gymnasts Fat!

Minimal Carb Reduction, Max. Results?
HIT Circuit + Plyos for Glucose Management

How Much Carbs Before Fat is Unhealthy?

5 Tips to Improve & Maintain Insulin Sensitivity

Carbohydrate Shortage in Paleo Land
Before we get into further details (e.g. the fact that the sweetness desire in women was stimulated by increasing fat content of the meal), let's briefly take a look at the study design, first -- The subjects were 130 residents of the Tukushima area who were assigned to two age- and BMI-matched groups according to their sex.
A randomized crossover design was used to investigate each test meal at lunchtime with a 1-week interval between testing sessions. Participants were asked to refrain from skipping meals, to refrain from drinking excessive alcohol and to maintain exercise at a consistent level before each scheduled session. During the study period, participants were randomly assigned into four groups for meals distribution. Group A and group B were administered meals following the sequence of lower to higher ED, and group C and group D were administered meals in the opposite manner. A packed test lunch was systematically provided on aspecified day for six consecutive weeks (Table 1)."
The study was designed such that the majority of daily food and energy consumed was from the test foods, according to the 2010 Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese.
The male vs. female difference and the female sweet tooth are not completely new: Previous studies have already suggested that men are easy to satisfy with salty foods (Rolls. 1981 & 83). Havel et al. on the other hand were able to show that high fat meals reduce the 24h leptin concentration in women (Havel. 1999) and will - at a molecular level - increase the risk for sweet cravings (Ninomiya. 2001) - an energy dense high(er) carbohydrate meal has after all been shown to bring leptin levels back up (Romon. 1990). No wonder Drewnoski et al. found that obese US women tended to list predominantly sweet foods, such as doughnuts, cookies and cake, while obese men list mainly protein/fat sources (meat dishes) among their favorite foods (Drewnowski. 1992)
Six types of packed lunches were used as test meals with their basic composition and appearance remaining constant (see Table 2). As you would expect from any "truly" Asian diet, rice was the staple food, and the main dishes were sautéed beef, steamed shiitake mushrooms with mincedfish and mixed Japanese hotchpotch consisting of sweet potato, carrot, radish, dried shiitake mushrooms, bamboo shoot, lotus root and konjac.
Table 1: Randomized crossover study design of six different types of test meals* in six experimental sessions (Zhou. 2014)
A green vegetable and kelp seaweed salad as well as tomato and broccoli jelly were also served as an integral part of each meal. The test meals were varied by adding oil or by varying the volume of ingredients and the amounts (80 g or 240 g) of raw vegetable, which were consumed after cooking. The six meals were provided on each test day with varied energy and energy density (ED) as follows:
  1. control meal (Control), energy 500 kcal and ED 0·8 kcal/g; 
  2. high-meat/low-rice meal (Hmeat), energy 513 kcal and ED 0·7 kcal/g; 
  3. low-vegetable meal (Lveg), energy 427 kcal and ED 1·0 kcal/g;
  4. medium-fat/low-vegetable meal (MfatLveg), energy 520 kcal and ED 1·2 kcal/g); 
  5. high-fat meal (Hfat), energy 896 kcal  and ED 1·3 kcal/g; and 
  6. high-fat/low-vegetable meal (HfatLveg), energy 824 kcal and ED 71·8kcal/g
As you can see, the six meals, which differed in vegetable amounts and energy content, were primarily divided into two versions: (i) high-vegetable-content meals contained 240 g of vegetables, which included Control, Hmeat and Hfat meals; and (ii) low-vegetable-content meals contained 80 g of vegetables, which included Lveg, MfatLveg and HfatLveg meals. 
Table 2: Energy and macronutrient composition of the test meals (Zhou. 2014)
The Control, Hmeat and MfatLveg meals had low energy content with approximately 2092 kJ (500 kcal) but different nutritional composition in terms of the protein:fat: carbohydrate ratio.

Alright, let's finally get to the results - Women like sweets and low rice (carbohydrate) and high fat intake make them irresistible, no matter how much veggies they eat

The main study outcomes were the appetite for fullness, satisfaction and prospective demand, and palatability desire for savoury, sweet, salty and fatty foods ratings, the subjects rated after the individual test meals on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS).
"For example, fullness and satisfaction were rated on the 100-mm lines preceded by the questions: ‘How full do you feel right now?’ and ‘How much satisfaction do you feel right now?’, and anchored on the left by ‘not at all’ andontherightby ‘very much’, respectively." (Zhou. 2014)
All participants had been familiarized with the procedure before the first tests were run. We can thus expect that they were able to accurately report their desire for sweet, salty and fatty after consuming the test meals.
Figure 1: Sweet, salty and fatty desire after test meals in men (top) and women (bottom; Zhou. 2014)
If you compare the "sweet desire" of men and women after the test meals, you will realize that the sweet desire of the female subjects was  - independent of the meals macronutrient composition - approximately 25% higher than that of their male peers.

Women are hedonic eaters and into both fat (for flavor) and sweet 

Compared to the men, the women were also much more susceptible to the palatability increase due to increased fat content (compare the graphs on the left to those on the right hand side, Figure 2).
Figure 2: Fullness and satisfaction after test meals in men (left) and women (right; Zhou. 2014).
An increase in fullness, on the other hand, was not achieved by increasing the fat content. And if you go back to the post-meal sweet desire, a high fat content (red dots) did not necessarily reduce the female desire for a sweet dessert, either. In fact, when the meal was changed to the Hfat meal with an
increased fat content by adding oil, sweetness desire was higher in women than in men from 4 h after the meal. The scientists interpret these findings as follows:
Previous studies show: The often-cited increased satiety effects of high fat meals does not exist in women. In response to high fat breakfast and lunch condition (75% fat in the hyperlipidemic vs. 75 % carbohydrate in the hyperglycemic) the 14 young women who participated in a 2003 study by Monteleone did not feel more satiated than they did after the isocaloric (=identical energy content) 75% carbohydrate (closed circles) condition - on the contrary (Monteleone. 2003)!
"Fat, as an important factor increasing palatability in a meal, enhances sensitivity to satisfaction signals by elevating leptin and insulin signalling in the central nervous system (Riedy. 1995; Williams. 2006) .The pleasurable aspects of fat consumption provide a hedonic preference for food due to the rewarding and reinforcing properties of some dietary fats (Drewnowski. 1997; Figlewicz. 2009).

The current study reflects that fat might suppress sweetness desire in a diet with vegetable content as low as 80 g, whereas in a diet with sufficient vegetable content such as 240 g, increased fat content might stimulate the redundant sweetness desire. This stimulation is probably due to initiating a vicious cycle from the increased palatability of the diet. A previous study reported that the increased fat content that promotes the sensory properties of the diet causes insulin/leptin resistance, resulting in more food consumption." (Zhou. 2014)
In other words: The high fat content annuls the beneficial effect of high vegetable intakes - at least in women. Who tend to have a higher tendency for sweet cravings, anyway - a tendency that was strengthened by high fat intakes and triggered and amplified by reduced rice intake as it was the case in the high meat + low energy diet in the study at hand.
Veggies work: One of the most important, yet by no means novel results of the study is that increasing vegetable intake in a diet is effective to enhance fullness and satisfaction regardless of gender. This is thus independent of the increased sweet desire in women with high fat + high vegetable intake.
Bottom line: Is it really just coincidence that the high meat, low energy low carb diet, that triggered the most significant carb cravings is exactly the diet those women are following who email me complaining about being unable to control their cravings - particularly their cravings for sweets? I don't think so and the scientist who highlight in their conclusion that "sweetness desire, especially for women, is also stimulated by decreasing rice [from 150 g to 100g | -33%] intake in the low-ED diet model" (Zhou. 2014) would certainly agree; and that in spite of the fact that they rightly point out that due to the restriction to just one single staple food (rice) the study would have to be repeated with "a Western diet model with bread as the staple food" to find out whether the results may be different | Comment on Facebook!
Reference: 
  • Drewnowski, Adam, et al. "Food preferences in human obesity: carbohydrates versus fats." Appetite 18.3 (1992): 207-221.
  • Drewnowski A (1997) Why do we like fat? J Am Diet Assoc 97, 7 Suppl., S58–S62.
  • Figlewicz DP & Benoit SC (2009) Insulin, leptin, and food reward: update 2008. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol296,R9–R19.
  • Havel, Peter J., et al. "High-fat meals reduce 24-h circulating leptin concentrations in women." Diabetes 48.2 (1999): 334-341. 
  • Monteleone, Palmiero, et al. "Differential responses of circulating ghrelin to high-fat or high-carbohydrate meal in healthy women." The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88.11 (2003): 5510-5514.
  • Ninomiya, Yuzo, et al. "Leptin and sweet taste." Vitamins and hormones 64 (2001): 221-248.
  • Romon, M., et al. "Leptin response to carbohydrate or fat meal and association with subsequent satiety and energy intake." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism 277.5 (1999): E855-E861.
  • Rolls BJ, Rolls ET, Rowe EAet al. (1981) Sensory specific satiety in man.Physiol Behav27, 137–142.
  • Rolls ET, Rolls BJ & Rowe EA (1983) Sensory-specific and motivation-specific satiety for the sight and taste of food and water in man.Physiol Behav30, 185–192.
  • Ryan KK, Woods SC & Seeley RJ (2012) Central nervous system mechanisms linking the consumption of palatable high-fat diets to the defense of greater adiposity.Cell Metab 15, 137–149.
  • Williams DL, Baskin DG & Schwartz MW (2006) Leptin regulation of the anorexic response to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor stimulation.Diabetes55,3387–3393.
  • Zhou, B., Yamanaka-Okumura, H., Adachi, C., Kawakami, Y., Katayama, T., & Takeda, E. (2014). High-fat diet-related stimulation of sweetness desire is greater in women than in men despite high vegetable intake. Public health nutrition, 1-10.

Carbohydrates Past 6PM Will Make You ... Lean! Eating All Carbs in the Evening Increases Body Fat Loss by 28% Compared to Standard Low-Calorie Diet.

Image 1: This are not the Israeli police
officers from the study. How do I know
that? They are not obese; the officers
in the study (Sofer. 2011) had BMI >30
(photo by Mark Probst)
While everyone in the health-and-fitness bloggosphere knows Martin Berkhan, from leangains.com, I suppose that only a few insiders will be familiar with "Kiefer's" Carb-Nite program. The counter-intuitive, or, should I say innovative (?) idea behind Carb Nite is to refrain from eating carbohydrates in the course of the day to then do a major carb-up in the evening. An interesting idea Kiefer, a fellow physicist, developed based on the observations that
  1. against what you read on various health bulletin boards insulin resistance is naturally high early in the day and
  2. high carbohydrate (re-)feeds or "carb back loading", as Kiefer calls it, have been found to reset a metabolic machinery that has been downregulated by previous fasting.
And while Kiefer asserts that this way of "fasting" won't get you to a stage-ready body fat percentage of <10%, the testimonials of his clients seem to prove that, after all, cyclical carb-fasting / carb-binging can reduce the metabolically most active fat depots at the midsection, which are thought to be the worst health offenders in the obesity pandemic.

The results of an Israeli study, which have recently been published in the prestigious Obesity journal (Sofer. 2011), appear to support the idea that a high carbohydrates intake in the evening cannot be as bad, as mainstream weightloss paradigms would have it. It were studies on the effects of Ramadan on the diurnal pattern of leptin secretion (i.e. how leptin levels change in the course of 24h) which sparked the scientists' interest in trying to modulate hormonal secretion patterns via "innovative dietary regimens" in ways that would decrease hunger and facilitate weight loss on a calorically restricted diet.
Did you know? Leptin, which is still purported as "the satiety hormone" is secreted in a diurnal pattern. In the average human being (who obviously eats >=3 carb-containing "meals" a day) serum leptin peaks at 1am, falls in the course of the day, reaches its nadir at 1pm and starts rising again at about 4pm. Serum levels of the adiponectin, a adipocyte hormone which plays a role in energy regulation as well as in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, reduc[es] serum glucose and lipid levels, improves insulin sensitivity exhibitsand  an anti-inflammatory effects (Yildiz. 2004) and is generally regarded as possible "link between obesity, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome" (Gil-Campos. 2004), on the other hand, follows a diurnal pattern
with zeniths at 11am and 1am and a general decline at night with a nadir at 4am.
Sigal Sofer and his colleagues hypothesized that they could shift the nucturnal peak of leptin levels to the day and thus decrease appetite and increase fatty acid oxidation during the day by mimicking the carbohydrate intake of a Ramadan diet, i.e. no carbs or rather no foods before sunset. And in fact, carbohydrate-fasting up to dinner turned out to be very beneficial for the 30 overweight police officers in the experimental group.
Figure 1: Changes [in %] of BMI, abdominal circumference and body fat vs. baseline [note: a -18% reduction of fat mass does not equal a -18% reduction of body fat] (data adapted from Sofer. 2011)
Compared to the control group, whose diets had the same macronutrient composition (20%
protein, 30–35% fat, 45–50% carbohydrates) and were calorically identical (1,300-1,500kcal) the subjects who ate all their carbs in the evening lost more weight and body fat and experienced a 19% greater reduction in waist circumference (cf. figure 1). Subjects in the high carb dinner group also reported a 13.7% higher rate in satiety at the end of the 180 day weight loss intervention, while the satiety scores of the control group decreased by -5.9% compared to baseline - and that despite a smaller drop in 12h leptin concentrations in the experimental group.
Figure 2: Changes of serum parameters in subjects following the "no-carb before dinner" vs. control diet after 90 and 180 days of dieting; values representing differences (experimental vs. control diet) in percental changes from baseline,e.g. -20% indicates that the respective value decreased by 20% more in the experimental group (data adapted from Sofer. 2011)
The beneficial effects on blood parameters were less pronounced than the anthropometric ones, but still significant (cf. figure 2) and, with the exception of a nonsignificant increase in triglycerides and total cholesterol, display a general trend towards greater improvements in the experimental group. And it is likely that the 44% increase in adiponectin in the experimental group (vs. 14% increase in control) is one of the causative factors of these improvements.

Figure 3: The meal composition of the experi-
mental diet (information adapted from Sofer. 2011)
In summary, a "simple carbohydrate manipulation" in the form of carb-fasting before dinner, improves hunger/satiety status, increases persistence in the weight loss process, and provides "better anthropometric outcomes, improved insulin sensitivity, improvement in metabolic syndrome parameters, less inflammation" compared to an identical low-calorie diet providing carbohydrates throughout the day in members of the Israeli Police with a baseline BMI level of >30. Whether the normal weight or even athletic part of the population can derive similar benefits from such an intervention does still have to be elucidated.

Post CHO or PRO Supps for Workout Regeneration? VPX' Protein Rush or Plain Gatorade? I'd Love Sponsored Supp Research, If it Ever Produced Really Meaningful Results

It goes without saying - for a true gymrat and physical culturist, there can be only one ideal post-workout regeneration beverage... but it looks as if it was not among the contestants.
No, I am not going to tell you another time about my mixed feelings wrt to the VPX sponsored studies. I mean, let's face it - at least they do conduct research on their products and with the study at hand even helped a PhD student to complete her thesis.

For the latter, Shannan Lynch recruited 15 male subjects (31.7 ± 6.2 yrs old) who had been exercising at least five times per week for at least an hour for a year or more, and have at least one year of strength training experience. He grabbed a couple of packs of VPX Protein Rush (I suppose he rather got them via mail ;-) and bought a ton of Gatorade Orange to serve as a control in what was supposed to be an investigation into the relative effects on fitness performance indices (agility T-test, push-up test, and 40-yard sprint) of the said supplements after exhaustive exercise.
Totally unrelated, shameless plug: In view of the fact that it's Thursday and this means that there are only 2h until the live show of this week's installment of the SuppVersity Science Round-Up with a focus on cellulite is going to air, I dare putting an advertisement for my own appearance on Carl Lanore's Super Human Radio up here ;-) So in case, you are by any means interested in what cellulite is, how it develops, why it develops and whether there is a proven way to treat it - maybe the one that did what you see on the image to the right - I would highly suggest you tune in live @12PM (EST). In the unfortunate case you can't make it in time. You can still download and listen to the podcast that's going to come with tomorrow's "Seconds".
The exhaustive exercise protocol we are talking about, here, consisted of a standardized warm-up and a high-intensity resistance training workout for 2 min. In those 2 min, the participans had do perform as many rounds of
Table 1: Nutrient composition of the beverages
  • dumbbell push-presses
  • squats (dumbbells at sides)
  • dumbbell push-ups
  • and repeat until the 2 min are over
    for 8 reps each (weight was 25% of 1RM). After 5-6 rounds (1min rest in between) the scientist added all reps up and compared them to the follow up trial with the other supplement (note: as you would expect no difference was observed). After the HIRT (high intensity resistance training) protocol, the subjects consumed their recovery drinks, waited for 2h, executed a couple of performance tests and filled a hand full of questionnaires.
    Figure 1: Mean values on the paired samples t-test (VPX-Gatorade) for the performance tests and rate of perceived exertion; note: note of the values achieved stat. sign. (Lynch. 2013)
    The results of these tests and questionnaires (see figure 1) clearly indicate ... well, what to they indicate? If anything I should say that it looks as if Gatorade clearly prevailed. But didn't the abstract say:
    "When considering the collective physical effects of the agility T-test, push-up and sprint tests, a complex protein beverage may provide a recovery advantage as it relates to repeated-bout performance compared to an iCHO-only beverage." (Lynch. 2013)
    Well, I guess the author would better have printed the word "MAY" bolder than bold. After all even Lynch has to concede that
    • according to the paired sample t-tests (data in figure 1) "the results indicate no significant mean differences between VPX and iCHO [Gatorade]" (Lynch. 2013) for the rate of perceived exertion and
    • none of the statistical inter-group tests yielded "singular, main effects for any of the performance or RPE tests such that the mean measurement was not significantly different for VPX than for iCHO"
    So we would in fact have gotten a null result if that was all the statistical shenanigan we had. Luckily the statistical "crockpod analysis", i.e. a repeated-measures multivariate analysis (RM-MANOVA) "yielded a significant interaction effect for the three performance variables" on an inter-individual level (p = 0.002; observed power = 0.97).

    You don't think this is convincing? Me neither, the main reason I would still advice not to stick to carbs alone after a workout is simple: Most of you are probably not interested in their performance 2h after the workout, but rather in the long-term effects on their body composition, strength & workout capacity and for all of of those bulk whey protein would be a preferable (and much cheaper source) than any of the supplements used in the study.

    If you still insist to spike that protein shake of yours up a bit, here are a couple of suggestions that come to mind...
    • Suggested read: "Up To 180% Increase in Testosterone With Taurine? And the Androgen Boost is Just One of the desirable Side Effects of the Cysteine Derivative That Won't Benefit (Pre-)Diabetic Baby-Boomers, Only" | read more...
      creatine - something like 5g/day; think about boosting the absorption with baking soda,
    • taurine - maybe another 3-6g, but better only 2g per serving,
    • glycerol - 20-80g to rehydrate or in hope of the ergogenic effects from the Petlar study (learn more), 
    • beta alanine - 1.6g/day; take it cyclically, i.e. 6 weeks on 2x800mg to saturate the carnosine levels, at least 4 weeks off to avoid burning money - fuller than full is not possible
    • glutamine - 10g+ to feed and "seal the gut", help replenish liver glycogen and decrease the catabolism of other aminos (learn more)
    • bananas - 1-3 depending on whether you are cutting or bulking and what your current macro intake looks like (click here, to rid yourself of fruit-o- & banan-o-phobia ;-) 
     ... and the rest of the stuff you can read about here at the SuppVersity on a daily basis. I mean, if www.suppversity.com was your homepage, you should be able to add at least another six supps & foods by the means of which you could complete the dirty post-workout dozen.

    References: 
    • Lynch S. The differential effects of a complex protein drink versus isocaloric carbohydrate drink on performance indices following high-intensity resistance training: a two arm crossover design. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013 Jun 12;10(1):31.