Science Round Up Seconds: 30-60% More Testosterone w/ 2.5g D-Aspartic Acid in Fertility Trial and Nicotine Amplifies Cardiotoxic Effects of ECA. Plus: Data on DHEA & Estrogen & Breast Cancer, Fermented Teas, AMPK, AKT & Co

DAA is probably not going to hurt your heart, but it's more likely to father a child than to build those abs. Ephedrine & Caffeine on the other hand, could help you get there, but esp. if you are also smoking you are increasing the risk that the kids you fathered using DAA will soon be without their begetter.

I guess most of all will have listened to the podcast of yesterday's installment of the SuppVersity Science Round Up already. If you didn't you have been missing Carl and me discuss new on the pro-carcinogenic effects of aspartame, the never-ending story of the fattening artificial sweeteners, the benefits of oat beta-glucans for weightloss, -maintenance and gut health, the way sorghum proanthocyanidins can lower the GI of carbohydrates and make them less susceptible to enzymatic breakdown in the small intestine, and more.

Actually this more, i.e. the news on DHEA, its metabolits and their proliferative effect on breast cancer cells, as well as the information about the beneficial effects of fermented teas on blood glucose management, reminded me of the fact that as how like the SuppVersity Science Round Up is a very good place discuss and explain things, but not exactly the place to present detailed data. Therefore, I decided to prelude the Seconds by adding a couple of graphs which illustrate what has been said on the last show. Thus, you can look at the figures while listening to the podcast.

Supportive material for the DHEA and fermented tea news

For this first installment of the Seconds I did, you guessed it, pick the aformentioned news on DHEA and the different fermented teas (see figure 1) that are  based on studies by Miller (2012) and Yamashita  (2012), respectively.

Effect of 7 days of oolong tea, black tea, pu-erh tea, instead of water on Δglucose AUC (left), AMPK, AKT and PI3K expression in skeletal muscle  of male mice (Yamashita. 2012)

Effect of estradiol (E2), DHEA and its metabolits 7-OXO,  androstenediol, and androstenedione on breast cancer cell proliferation (based on Miller 2012)

So much for the additions to visuals for the podcast, let's get to the new stuff... or actually the seconds. Of course, the seconds ;-)

• How to brew your own sodium d-aspartic acid The best thing about this study actually is that the scientists disclose how you can easily make your own PH stable sodium-d-aspartate from the cheap stuff you buy at your favorite bulk supplier: Take 2.66 g of D-aspartic acid neutralize it with 0.46 g of NaOH in 10 ml distilled water and you get a final pH of 6.5 - 7-0 - that's it, you are good to go.
  New study on d-aspartic acid confirms - 30-60% increase in testosterone and LH in infertile men (D’Aniello. 2012) Despite the fact that this is a non-sponsored study by researchers from the Hospital “S. Luca” in Vallo della Lucania, Italy, I am about as 'unpsyched' about the data the scientists present, as I am about the real world results of d-aspartic acid (DAA) supplementation in young weight training men.
  
  It's already telling that D'Aniello et al. mention the increase in testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) only as an aside and consider it as a "save", or I guess you better say "tolerable" side effect of a treatment  that did effectively double the amount of D-aspartic acid in the seminal plasma and did thus (at least the scientists belive in a mechanism here) increase the fertility in both, patients with reduced sperm motility and sperm count, and those who suffered only from reduced motility.
  
  The actual 'success rate' in terms of pregnancy rates after 2-3 months of treatment with 2.66g/day of DAA per day was however not exactly really earth-shattering, either. Of the patients with both low sperm count and sperm motility (oligo-asthenozoospermia) 4% fathered a child; of those who suffered 'only' from a low sperm motility (asthenozoospermia) 33% eventually managed to become daddy.
  
  Without baseline testosterone levels, of which I would not be surprised if they had been rock bottom (both oligo-asthenozoospermia and asthenozoospermia usually go hand in hand with increased oxidation and that in turn is associated with low testosterone and suppressed LH levels), this study is however about as worthless in terms of the purported ergogenic effects of DAA, as all previous human trials. That said, you could obviously mix yourself the above concussion in case you and your significant other are planning to start a new or to expand your existing family in the near future. I guess, it's unlikely that it's going to hurt.
  
  Suggested read: All About the Role of Androgens & Co in Building Muscle
   
• Putting an "N" as in "nicotine" into "EC" amplifies the negative effects of ephedrine and caffeine on your heart and may well be the reason for many of the (few) deadly side effects that occurred in the day before the ban (Brown. 2012) When a group of researchers from the Arkansas State University tried to get to the bottom of the (in some cases) fatal cardiovascular side-effects, which were the main reason for the FDA to pull ephedra-containing supplements from the market, Christopher E. Brown and his colleagues observed ...

  "[...] a synergistic effect on the rat cardiac morphology [...] as a result of intera tions between nicotine, caffeine, and Ephedra. The cardiotoxicity caused by combination dosing of Ephedra and caffeine has already been shown; however, the present study revealed an enhancement of cardiotoxicity when nicotine was administered in combination with Ephedra and caffeine." (Brown. 2012)

  The scientists had exposed male Sprague-Dawley rats to (1) synthetic combinations of nicotine (0.2 mg/kg/day), ephedrine (0–30 mg/kg/day), and/or caffeine (0–24 mg/kg/day) as well as (2) an extract from a caffeine-containing Ephedra supplement (Metabolife 356). The relatively high dose treatments were administered for only 3 days either in the full or half dose and with and without nicotine pre-treatment to model the effects of different dosing regimen on smokers and non-smokers.
  
  

  

  Figure 1: Light micrograph of representative nuclear pro-files (background, red = atypical, green = normal nuclei; my emphasis) and volume (%) of atypical cardiac cells in anterior left ventricle of the rodents (Brown. 2012)

  As far as the results go, a a brief glance on the exemplary data in figure 1 should actually suffice to see, that a baseline "N" + "EC"  stack (as in any smoker who would take ephedrine + caffeine to lose weight or psyche himself up) could eventually pave the way to the emergency room.
  
  While the data from the anterior left ventricle and anterior interventricular septum (not shown) would suggest that the identically dosed synthetic versions of caffeine and ephedrine were slightly more detrimental, than the herbal supplement  in which the Ephedra came from a standardized Ma Huang extract and part of the caffeine from Guarana, this effect was not present in either the posterior left or the anterior right or posterior right ventricle (data not shown).
  
  Apropos interventricular septum (IVS), with increases in atypical cardiac cell volume of up to 1.5% in the anterior IVS even without nicotine pre-treatment, the stout wall that separates the lower chambers was most susceptible to the effects of caffeine and ephedrine:
  

  "In the anterior section of this region, both caffeine + ephedrine combination as well as the multicomponent supplement Metabolife 356 resulted in larger numbers of atypical cells compared to water controls, in both saline- and nicotine-pretreated rats. However, only rats pretreated with nicotine responded negatively to supplements in the posterior region of the IVS. " (Brown. 2012)

  If you consider the high-pressure forces it must sustain for proper ejection volume to the arterial vasculature it should be obvious that "these changes to the ventricular tissue could be particularly detrimental to overall cardiovascular health" (Brown. 2012). Bad news? Why? At least you do now have another good reason to stop smoking... what, oh yeah, I forgot: This is irrelevant because Ephedra has been banned anyway ;-)

While I do have a couple of other Seconds I am a bit pressed on time, today. Don't worry sooner or later they will appear ither on the SuppVersity Facebook Wall, where I am posting at least half a dozen of exclusive links and mini-items, comments and more you won't find on www.suppversity.com. So, I'd suggest you do now first listen to the podcast (if you have not already done so), then check out the latest SuppVersity Facebook News and when you are done with that wait till tomorrow for this weeks installment of On Short Notice.  

References

• Brown CE, Trauth SE, Grippo RS, Gurley BJ, Grippo AA. Combined Effects of Ephedrine-Containing Dietary Supplements, Caffeine, and Nicotine on Morphology and Ultrastructure of Rat Hearts. Journal of Caffeine Research. 2012; 2(3).
• D’Aniello G, Ronsini S, Notari T, et al. D-Aspartate, a Key Element for the Improvement of Sperm Quality. Advances in Sexual Medicine, 2012, 2, 47-53.
• Miller KKM, Al-Rayyan N, Ivanova MM, Mattingly KA, Ripp SL, Klinge CM, Prough RA. DHEA metabolites activate estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Sterespectivelyroids. November 01, 2012. Ahead of print.
• Yamashita Y, Wang L, Tinshun Z, Nakamura T, Ashida H. Fermented Tea Improves Glucose Intolerance in Mice by Enhancing Translocation of Glucose Transporter 4 in Skeletal Muscle. J Agric Food Chem. 2012 Nov 5.

Tongkat Ali Boosts Testosterone in Late Onset Hypogonadism: 200mg of Standardized Eurycoma Longifolia Extract Increases Total Testosterone by 47%

Image 1: Let's hope no one uproats
and steels this flowering plant from
the family Simaroubaceae after reading
about its testosterone boosting effects ;-)

Kudos to Benson, who certainly is one of the Minds on the Mind And Muscle Forums (I don't know about his muscle, though ;-). Benson dug up a very recent article on the effects of "Ali's Stick" (Tambi. 2011), which would be the literal translation of "Tongkat ali", also known as the "Malaysian ginseng", a herb that has been used by generations of men in South-East-Asia to improve their sexual performance, on testosterone levels in 76 male patients suffering from late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) and, consequently, Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS).

The study that is going to be published in the next issue of Andrologia, the first international journal of andrology, was conducted by an international team of scientists from Malaysia and South Africa. For their study Tambi et al. recruited a group of initially 350 patients, who were treated at the Wellmen Clinic at Damai Service Hospital in Kuala Lumpur for late-onset hypogonadism (LOD; mean initial testosterone levels: 5.66 nM) and Aging Males' Symptoms (AMS; mean initial score: 38.05 - higher values = more severe symptoms). The men were treated with 200 mg (two capsules with 100 mg) of a patented, highly standardized water-soluble extract of Tongkat ali (produced by Phytes Bioteks, Biotropics Malaysia, patent number: WO0217946) for 4 weeks, after which both serum testosterone tests, as well as AMS questionnaires were repeated. In the 76 patients who actually completed the trial (cf. discussion of drop out rate at the end of the post)

[...] treatment of LOH patients with this Tongkat ali extract significantly (P < 0.0001) improved the AMS score as well as the serum testosterone concentration. While before treatment only 10.5% of the patients did not show any complaint according to the AMS scale and 35.5% had normal testosterone levels, after the completed treatment 71.7% and 90.8% of the patients showed normal values, respectively.

Quite impressive results for a traditional aphrodisiac. And at first sight, the data on mean, minimal and maximal testosterone levels before and after treatment (figure 1) would corroborate this impression.

Figure 1: Mean, minimal and maximal total testosterone levels of 76 patients with late-onset hypogonadism before and after treatment with 200mg of a patented, standardized Tongkat ali extract for 4 weeks (data adapted from Tambi. 2011)

Unquestionably, Eurycoma Longifolia Jack would make a great addition to the post cycle therapy of drug using athletes and gymrats. Having shut down their natural testosterone production due to the administration of exogenous testosterone or other quasi-hormonal compounds, many steroid users find themselves in a situation of self-inflicted "early-onset" hypogonadism, when they finally come off their steroid cycles. In these circumstances, which closely resemble LOF, "Ali's stick" may well help to bring the endogenous hormone production back to "normal".

Figure 2: Illustration of the hormonal
production line (by Slashme and
Mikael Häggström; Wikipedia)

Whether the average non-steroid-using gymrat in his early to late twenties would see any benefits does yet remain to be elucidated. Notwithstanding, the results of Ali & Saad from 1993 (unpublished dissertation, cited by Tambi), which suggest that the eurypeptide, the purported active ingredients in the extract, accelarates the hormonal production line at its very beginning, by enhancing CYP17 (17 α-hyroxylase/17, 20 lyase) enzyme activity. Thus boosting "the metabolism of pregnenolone and 17-OH-pregnenolone to yield more dehyroepiandrosterone (DHEA)", progesterone and 17-OH-progesterone appropriate amounts of the alkaloids, quassinoids, quassinoid diterpenoids, eurycomaosides, eurycolactones, laurycolactones and eurycomalactons from Tongkat ali could eventually facilitate an increase in total testosterone via conversion of the former into 4-androstenedione and testosterone.

It is however more than questionable whether the total testosterone levels of otherwise healthy men would likewise increase by +45%. And even if they did - will you notice the difference? Well, do not expect too much apart from an increase in libido, for we do not know how much of this testosterone is actually free, how the accelaration of the hormonal production line will affect other hormones and binding globolins, etc. Accordingly, you can hope for beneficial effects on athletic performance and/or body composition, yet they are by no means guaranteed - I would not even say "probable".

All that being said, there is another major drawback that comes with the high dropout-rate of >76% (!) While the scientists don't comment on the reasons for the dropouts, you may well ask yourself, "Why would a guy who experiences major improvement in the sexual department stop using the very medication that is triggering these improvements?" Well, I guess he would not. So, let's play devil's advocate and assume that the testosterone level of the rest of the men did not budge at all (it could well be that due to whatever mechanisms it may even have dropped). 

Figure 3: Total testosterone levels before and after treatment for all patients who initiated treatment assuming that that the >75% dropouts did not see any benefits in testosterone (data extrapolated from Tambi. 2011)

In figure 3 I have plotted how the data would like under that assumption. There would still be an increase of 11%, 16% and 20%, for mean, minimal and maximal total testosterone levels, respectively. With a standard deviation of 1.51mM (=27%) and 2.46mM (30%), before and after treatment. Yet, these increases would hardly be significant. You better keep that in mind before you google a source for the patented Tongkat ali extract from Phytes Bioteks (using a non-standardized extract or whole stems, is not likely to work, anyway) and spent your hardly earned bucks into hopes of a jacked physique and animalistic sexual performance. If you insist on trying it, make sure you get enough cholesterol in your diet to feed the process of steroidogenesis (cf. figure 2)

Less Than 15mg of DHEA Exert Identical Beneficial Effects on Insulin Sensitivity as 1h of Cardio 5x Per Week. Both Effects Mediated Via Increases in Intra-Muscular DHT

Image 1: It has long been established that diabetics have particularly low DHEA levels (Loviselli. 1994), but what's the chicken and what's the egg here?

It is quite funny, sometimes you don't hear about certain supplements, (pro-)hormones, exercise-modalities etc. in years and then, all of a sudden, there are two studies on the respective topic in one week; and moreover, two pretty interesting ones! Last Friday, exactly 7 days ago, you've read here at the SuppVersity about the muscle-protective effects of low-dose dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation during a 5-day intense multiple-type exercise protocol (cf. "DHEA Blunts Muscle Damage During 5 Days of Combined Endurance, Strength and HIIT Training in Young Men"). Today, I have another interesting set of data for you - data which could not just shed some light onto the underlying mechanisms of the said protective effects against skeletal muscle damage, but also on DHEA's beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity.

Not younger, but leaner with a minimalist dose of DHEA?

In a 6 week trial, and thus over a more than eight times longer timespan than in the previously mentioned human study on skelatal muscle damage, Koji Sato and his (or her?) colleagues from the Ritsumeikan University, the Senshu University and the University of Tsukuba (all in Japan, as you probably already suspected) investigated the effects a low dose of DHEA (human equivalent: 0.16mg/kg per day => 10-15mg/day) supplementation on the insulin, QUICKI (=quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index) and intramuscular DHEA and DHT (dihydrotestosterone) levels in sedentary or exercised dietary obese male rodents.

Figure 1: Relative insulin levels, QUICKI, intramuscular DHEA and DHT content in obese male rodents after 6 weeks of DHEA or combined DHEA + exercise (1h, 5days/week) treatment (data adapted from Sato. 2012)

As you can see in figure 1 the effects of both 5x/week running on a treadmill (ETA: 1h) and orally administered DHEA were profound. If you compare the "exercise only" group (red) to the two DHEA groups (green and violet), you will yet notice interesting parallels. Not only were the decreases in serum insulin and the increases (=improvements of insulin sensitivity) in the QUICKI test very similar, the exercise regimen alone yielded a +56% increase skeletal muscle DHEA content and a +71% increase in DHT.

Exercise increases intramuscular DHEA & DHT...
 

Figure 2: Hormonal cascade from DHEA to DHT; all enzymatic conversions can take place on a systemic and intra-cellular level!)

At least the latter, i.e. the increase in DHT should not be news to you if you have been following the in-depth articles at SuppVersity over the past couple of months. From the Intermittent Thoughts on DHT you know that exercise in general and HIT endurance exercise in particular has been found to boost intramuscular dihydrotestosterone levels, as well. The bros, or friends of bros among you, will probably also have heard the horrific stories about creatine monohydrate leading to increased levels of DHT (van der Merve. 2009), of which every reasonable person must actually assume that they are nothing but a downstream effect of increased training loads and/or improved adaptation... I mean, think about it "paleo style": Why would the mammalian body (rodent and human appear to react alike here) increase the DHEA and, via 5-alpha reductase (cf. figure 2), the dihydrotestosterone levels in response to high volume exercise, if not as a means of adaptation?

Oral DHEA + exercise = double-whammy against obesity

The combined treatment, or I should say the exogenous support of the exercise induced changes had - and this is not visible from the data in figure 1, astonishingly profound effects on the diet induced weight gain of the lab animals. While all other rodents became fatter, those in the exercise + DHEA group remained at a steady body weight level; an observation the researchers comment as follows:

Although DHEA administration and exercise training each produced beneficial effects, 6-weeks of combination treatment were more effective for obesity. The precise mechanisms that reduced abdominal fat weight in the combination group remain unclear, yet we can propose several plausible hypotheses. 2 weeks of DHEA administration has been shown to activate fatty acid metabolism-related enzymes, such as long-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme A synthase, and to increase free CoA levels in liver (Mohan. 1998; Mohan. 1990). In addition, exercise training is  known to reduce adipogenesis via upregulation of fatty acid metabolism and increased energy expenditure (Hou. 2003). Therefore, 6-weeks of combination treatment may have promoted additive reductions in abdominal fat volume.

In other words, while DHEA increases the efficacy of fatty acid oxidation, exercise takes care of the increase in energy expenditure which is - all convictions wrt to "calories don't count" and the "calories in vs. calories out"-hypothesis aside - still a fundamental prerequisite that the fatty acids do actually get burned and are not released into circulation to be restored or replaced a couple of hours later.

"Ok, I am just ordering some DHEA, how much should I take?"

Before you head over to the online vendor of your choice to make sure you get your share of DHEA before the FDA hears that it could hamper the sales of diabetes drugs and removes it from the OTC market, I would like to remind you that despite the fact that Sato et al. rightly claim that a "combination treatment [with DHEA and DHT] may be more beneficial than either therapy alone", a cursory glance on the data in figure 1 should suffice to tell you that those additional benefits as statistically significant as they may be are just that "additional" and that exercise alone yielded about equal results, is free of negative and full of beneficial side effects (update: as long as you don't overtrain; thanks Stapedius for this important note) and does not have the same host of studies refuting its efficacy as DHEA has (Clore. 1995).

It is nevertheless intriguing that a hormone the medical orthodoxy has, more or less all of a sudden, dropped like a hot potato and declared "questionable" and "ineffective" is now, roughly 15-20 years being rediscovered... and I am pretty sure that this was not the last DHEA study you will see and read about here at the SuppVersity ;-)

References:

1. Clore JN. Dehydroepiandrosterone and body fat. Obes Res. 1995 Nov;3 Suppl 4:613S-616S. Review.
2. Hou CW, Chou SW, Ho HY, Lee WC, Lin CH, Kuo CH. Interactive effect of exercise training and growth hormone administration on glucose tolerance and muscle GLUT4 protein expression in rats. J Biomed Sci. 2003 Nov-Dec;10(6 Pt 2):689-96.
3. Loviselli A, Pisanu P, Cossu E, Caradonna A, Massa GM, Cirillo R, Balestrieri A. [Low levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in adult males with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. Minerva Endocrinol. 1994 Sep;19(3):113-9.
4. van der Merwe J, Brooks NE, Myburgh KH. Three weeks of creatine monohydrate  supplementation affects dihydrotestosterone to testosterone ratio in college-aged rugby players. Clin J Sport Med. 2009 Sep;19(5):399-404.
5. Mohan PF, Cleary MP. Effect of short-term DHEA administration on liver metabolism of lean and obese rats. Am J Physiol. 1988 Jul;255(1 Pt 1):E1-8.
6. Mohan PF, Ihnen JS, Levin BE, Cleary MP. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone treatment in rats with diet-induced obesity. J Nutr. 1990 Sep;120(9):1103-14.
7. Sato K, Iemitsu M, Aizawa K, Ajisaka R. Testosterone and DHEA activate the glucose metabolism-related signaling pathway in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;294(5):E961-8. Epub 2008 Mar 18.
8. Sato K, Iemitsu M, Aizawa K, Mesaki N, Ajisaka R, Fujita S. DHEA administration and exercise training improves insulin resistance in obese rats. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012 May 30;9(1):47. [Epub ahead of print]

Androgen Threesome: BPA Exposure & Free Testosterone in Men. TRT Good For the Prostate. DHT, Allopecia (Hair Loss) & Monascus Fermentation. Plus: Mycotoxins in GCB Supps

Coffee and green coffee bean extracts are by no means the only way by which you are exposed to mycotoxins. Corn, for example, is likewise a favorite for the toxic mold. The same goes for almost all other grains. Common routes of exposure are, amongst others cereals, breads, wines, and even mils and meats (of swine ad turkey, not chicken; Duarte. 2010)

36%, 32%, 10%, and 16% these are the SuppVersity Figures of the week and the percentages of green coffee bean supplements (remember the chlorogenic acid news in Thursday's installment of the Science Round-Up) that were contaminated with Ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, fumonisin B1 and mycophenolic acid, respectively.

"Mycotoxins occurred in the following concentration ranges: ochratoxin A: 2.7–136.9 µg/kg, ochratoxin B: 3.5–20.2 µg/kg, fumonisin B1: 110.0–415.0 µg/kg, mycophenolic acid: 43.1–395.0 µg/kg." (Vaclavi. 2013)

These poisonous substances are produced by fungi that form during (inproper) storage and are suspected to inhibit protein synthesis, damage macrophage systems, inhibit particle clearance of the lung, and increase sensitivity to bacterial endotoxins... ah, I almost forgot ochratoxins also wreak havoc on your hormones (Frizzell. 2013).

So far for the bad news, now the good one: According to the researchers calculations even with most contaminated of the 50 products they the average consumer who adheres to the suggested dosing protocol will still be well within the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 120 ng/kg body weight per week and tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2000 ng/kg body weight per day for ochratoxin A and fumonisin B₁, respectively (these values were estimated by the EU Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) - corresponding values of the "well-meaning" FDA or any other US government agencies are - as usual - not available).

Let's get to our androgen threesome

• 

  SuppVersity readers know: Tea is not only good for your prostate (learn more), it can also help you lose weight (read more)

  Testosterone replacement improves prostate issues (Ko. 2013) -- Contrary to what common "wisdom" will tell you scientists from the Yeungnam University College of Medicine in Korea can tell you that the 17 out of  46 patients who suffered from lower urinary tract symptom before they underwent TRT using intramuscular injection of 3 months bases injection of testosterone 1,000 mg undecanoate over a year achieved significant improvements (decrements) on the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS).
  
  Needless to say that "[d]uring the median follow up of 15.1 months, no patients experienced urinary retention, BPH-related surgery, or admission for urinary tract infection".

• BPA and low testosterone, you better know what to look at (Zhou. 2013) -- Talking about testosterone, there is finally some relatively reliable human data on the effects of BPA exposure on the hormone levels in men.

  

  Figure 1: Relative difference in free androgen index (FAI), androstenedione (AD), free testosterone (FT), SHBG, inhibin (INB), prolactin (PRL), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estrogen (E2) an total testosterone (T);  comparing the men with to the men without workplace exposure in the Zhou study

  As you can see in figure 1 the effects would go unnoticed, if you do not test for free hormones, but just checked the amount of total testosterone. How you can recognize that from the data? Well, the figures above the bars are the p-values. All that are >0.5 would suggest that this effect is statistically non-significant, so that every study not looking at things like the free androgen index (FAI) or the free testosterone levels (FT) will miss the 15% and 10% reduced levels of the latter and conclude: That it does not make a difference, if your serum contains 3.198 or 0.276mg/L as it was the case in the exposed and non-exposed subjects in this study from the Shanxi Medical University, because BPA won't harm you anyway.

• The fermented solution to all problems androgen?  (Chiu. 2013) Monascus bacteria that is used to ferment red mold rice, a traditional spice that is consumed throughout Asia could prevent androgenetic alopecia, benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer.

  

  Figure 2: Changes in testosterone an DHT mice on TRT (control) w/w-out 0.2 & 0.5% Monascus extract in chow, corresponding images of the stained slices from the prostate and hair loss compared to standard treatment with finasteride (Chiu. 2013)

  The results of a recent study from the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health at the National Cheng Kung University Medical College clearly suggest that the way in which a monascus extract suppressed baldness in male B6CBAF1/j mice 

  

  Learn how to modulate DHT/T naturally.

  • decreased PSA levels  
  • decreased tumor volume and
  • decreased prostate cancer incidence, 
  • decreased dihydrotestosterone (DHT),
  • but left testosterone unchanged
  The effect was dose-dependent and was observed with 0.5-3% of the extract in the rodent diets. While it is not unlikely that the results will translate into human studies, it should be obvious that at least for the >0.5% doses, supplementation will be necessary.
  
  Irrespective of these latest study results, previous research indicates that Monascus-fermented products have many functional secondary metabolites, including monacolin K, citrinin, ankaflavin, and monascin and these have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, cholesterol-lowering effect, and antitumor activities. Probably all of you will be familiar with at least one of them: Red Yeast Rice, the natural statin. And if you are not into spices or extracts, there are also other foods and even wines that are fermented with Monascus.

---

That's it for today: I know ladies, with today's focus on the male hormones, I owe you (big time?). But don't worry, there are also a couple of Facebook News, you may be interested in

• 

  Suggested read: "Carbohydrate Shortage in Paleo Land" (read more)

  "Oldie but goldie: T3, rt3 and carbohydrate intake in hyper- and eucaloric scenarios - Something worth considering for those constantly battling low T3 an high rT3 levels (read more)
• Omnipresence of "healthy" Subway sandwiches correlates w/ obesity rates - "Countries with the highest density of Subway restaurants such as the USA (7.52 per 100,000) and Canada (7.43 per 100,000) also tend to have a higher prevalence of obesity in both men (31.3% and 23.2%, respectively) and women (33.2% and 22.9%, respectively)." (read more)
• Understanding the neurological side effects of statin drugs - US scientists observed unusual swellings within neurons, which the team has termed the "beads-on-a-string" effect (read more)
• DHEA supplementation at 25gm/day to restore female fertility - A recent study from Turkey would suggest that this could actually work (read more)

If that's still not enough, come back tomorrow for another serving of the latest news from the realms of exercise, nutrition and health sciences, here at the SuppVersity! In the mean time, enjoy your weekend, everone!

References:

• Chiu HW, Chen MH, Fang WH, Hung CM, Chen YL, Wu MD, Yuan GF, Wu MJ, Wang YJ. Preventive effects of monascus on androgen-related diseases: androgenetic alopecia, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and prostate cancer. J Agric Food Chem. 2013 May 8;61(18):4379-86.  
• Duarte SC, Pena A, Lino CM. Ochratoxin a in Portugal: a review to assess human exposure. Toxins (Basel). 2010 Jun;2(6):1225-49. doi: 10.3390/toxins2061225. Epub 2010 Jun 1. Review. 
• Frizzell C, Verhaegen S, Ropstad E, Elliott CT, Connolly L. Endocrine disrupting effects of ochratoxin A at the level of nuclear receptor activation and steroidogenesis. Toxicol Lett. 2013 Mar 13;217(3):243-50.  
• Ko YH, Moon du G, Moon KH. Testosterone replacement alone for testosterone deficiency syndrome improves moderate lower urinary tract symptoms: one year follow-up. World J Mens Health. 2013 Apr;31(1):47-52.
• Vaclavik L, Vaclavikova M, Begley TH, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Determination of Multiple Mycotoxins in Dietary Supplements Containing Green Coffee Bean Extracts Using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. May 2013 [ahead of print].
• Zhou Q, Miao M, Ran M, Ding L, Bai L, Wu T, Yuan W, Gao E, Wang J, Li G, Li DK. Serum bisphenol-A concentration and sex hormone levels in men. Fertil Steril. 2013 May 4.